Table 1.
Subject characteristics of participants at baseline.
| Value 1 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Baseline Characteristics | Females (n = 8) |
Males (n = 7) |
| Age (years) | 70.6 ± 2.05 | 68.3 ± 2.09 |
| Weight (kg) | 60.6 a ± 3.33 | 85.5 b ± 5.74 |
| Height (cm) | 159 a ± 2.56 | 177 b ± 2.10 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.9 ± 1.23 | 27.3 ± 1.67 |
| FFM-SF 2 (kg) | 41.8 a ± 2.22 | 58.0 b ± 2.64 |
| FFM-BIA 3 (kg) | 43.0 ± 1.67 | 62.1 ± 2.59 |
| Fat -SF 2 (%) | 29.3 ± 2.38 | 31.3 ± 2.73 |
| Fat-BIA 3 (%) | 28.9 ± 4.10 | 26.3 ± 3.00 |
| WHR | 0.85 a ± 0.03 | 0.97 b ± 0.04 |
| REE 4 (kcal/d) | 1229 a ± 48.1 | 1698 b ± 81.5 |
| Blood Hb A1C (%) | 5.44 ± 0.08 | 5.39 ± 0.12 |
| Fasting Blood Glucose (mmol/L) | 5.25 ± 0.19 | 5.37 ± 0.20 |
| Fasting Insulin (pmol/L) | 42.0 ± 8.55 | 45.6 ± 7.78 |
| HOMA-IR 5 | 1.49 ± 0.29 | 1.63 ± 0.35 |
| Fasting Blood Urea (mmol/L) | 5.03 a ± 0.38 | 6.33 b ± 0.45 |
| Fasting Blood Creatinine (µmol/L) | 65.5 a ± 3.5 | 78.6 b ± 4.6 |
| C-reactive Protein (mg/L) | 1.43 ± 0.56 | 1.07 ± 0.15 |
| Vitamin B12 (pmol/L) | 477 ± 117 | 291 ± 49.7 |
| Vitamin B6 (nmol/L) | 155 ± 80.8 | 60.1 ± 25.6 |
| Red Blood Cell Folate (nmol/L) | 963 ± 80.2 | 885 ± 113 |
| Testosterone (nmol/L) | 1.07 a ± 0.21 | 20.0 b ± 3.18 |
| Estradiol (pmol/L) | 20.0 a ± 3.42 | 70.8 b ± 10.8 |
| GSH (mmol/L) | 2.79 ± 0.28 | 2.87 ± 0.36 |
1 All values are means ± SEM. Values with different superscripts were significantly different, with p < 0.05 determined by t-test. Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; FFM, fat-free mass; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; REE, resting energy expenditure; SF, skinfold; and WHR, waist-to-hip ratio. 2 Determined by SF analysis. 3 Determined using BIA analysis. 4 Determined by open-circuit indirect calorimetry. 5 HOMA-IR: fasting insulin (mU/L) × fasting glucose (mmol/L)/22.5 [39].