| ANN | artificial neural network |
| STFT | short-time Fourier transform |
| CWT | continuous wavelet transform |
| CNN | convolutional neural network |
| ReLU | rectified linear unit |
| DL | deep learning |
| AE | acoustic emission |
| CAE | convolutional autoencoder |
| EMD | empirical mode decomposition |
| VMD | variational mode decomposition |
| SVM | support vector machines |
| ROC | receiver operating characteristic |