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. 2023 Oct 9;15(19):4029. doi: 10.3390/polym15194029

Figure 7.

Figure 7

(a) Electrochemical actuation profile of a PU/PANI nanofibrous bundle upon cycling its potential between −0.2 to 0.8 V in an aqueous solution of 1 M MSA (scan rate = 5 mV/s, stress = 1.028 MPa). (b) Work per cycle relating to the stability of the PU/PANI hybrid nanofibrous bundle (electrolyte = 1 M MSA, scan rate = 5 mV/s, potential vs. Ag/AgCl). Reprinted with permission from [109]. (c) Harmonic responses of the electrospun PANI/CA actuators powered by sinusoidal electrical inputs with an excitation frequency of 0.1 Hz and a peak voltage of 3 V; time history of tip displacements. (d) Hysteresis responses of current–voltage plots for PANI/CA actuators. Reprinted with permission from [27].