Table 1.
Phyllosphere microbes and their role in plant disease resistance.
| Plant | Pathogen | Phyllo Microbe | Mechanisms | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oryza sativa | Pyricularia oryzae | Actinomycetes | Produce bioactive compounds | [60] |
| Magnaporthe oryzae | Aspergillus cvjetkovicii | Produces 2(3H)-benzofuranone and azuline, which suppress mycelial growth and appressorium formation | [61] | |
| Ustilaginoidea virens | Panicle microbes | Modulates the levels of branched-chain amino acids | [62] | |
| Zea mays | Exserohilum turcicum |
Enterococcus, Corynebacterium, Pantoea and Bacillus |
Unknown mechanism | [63] |
| Bacillus subtilis strain DZSY21 | Bipolaris maydis | Reduce infection, possibly using antifungal lipopeptides and induced systemic response | [64] | |
| Triticum aestivum | Fusarium gramineareum | Pseudomonas piscium | Compound secreted by the bacteria (phenazine-1-carboxamide) deregulates histone acetylation and suppress growth, virulence, and mycotoxin biosynthesis. | [65] |
| Solanum lycopersicum | Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato and Alternaria solani | Rhizobium sp. and Bacillus subtilis | Produce protease and cellulase and induce salicylic acid (SA) immune response pathway | [66] |
| Botrytis cinerea | Bacillus sp. | Produce lipopeptides antibiotics belonging to fengycin, surfactin, iturina and bacillomycin D | [67] | |
| Botrytis cinerea | Enterobacter cloacae TR1 | Produces antifungal volatile compound 3-methylbutan-1-ol | [68] | |
| Nicotiana tabacum | Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci | Stenotrophomonas, Achromobacter, Enterobacter, Ochrobactrum, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Alcaligenes, Pseudochrobactrum and Achromobacte | Increases the complexity of microbial networks in the phyllosphere and establishes a “spatial repellent barrier” against invading pathogens | [69] |
| Citrus limon | Xanthomonas citri ssp. Citri | Pseudomonas protegens CS1 | Inhibit pathogen by producing siderophore pyochelin | [70] |
| Arabidopsis thaliana | Albugo laibachii | Moesziomyces bullatus ex Albugo | GH25 hydrolase secreted by the commensal play a major role in pathogen defence | [71] |
| Sphingomonas melonis Fr1 | Pseudomonas syringae DC3000 | Activates defence genes to promote immunity against pathogen | [10] | |
| Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 | Sphingomonas | Substrate competition plays a role in plant protection | [72] | |
| Solanum tuberosum | Microbacterium testaceum | Pectobacterium carotovorum | Interfere with the N-acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL)-based quorum-sensing of the pathgoen | [73] |
| Brassica rapa | Alternaria brassicicola ABA-31 | Bacillus subtilis PMB102 | Production of antifungal metabolites | [74] |