Table 1.

The comparison of conductive hydrogels as flexible sensors.

Hydrogel Materials	Conduction Type	Conductivity	Sensing Type	Gauge Factor	Sensing Range	Fitting Relation	Application Field	Ref.
ANF−PVA	Electronic	80 S/cm	Resistive	N/A	N/A	N/A	Bioelectronics	[74]
PAA/PEDOT:PSS	Electronic	247 S/cm	Resistive	N/A	N/A	N/A	Bioelectronics	[75]
CMC/PAM/NaCl	Ionic	6.44 S/m	Resistive	0.104–0.214	0.5–800%	Piecewise linearity	Wearable skin	[84]
Cellulose/bentonite	Ionic	89.9 mS/cm	Resistive	N/A	N/A	N/A	Wearable skin	[85]
MRH	Ionic	2.2 mS/cm	Resistive	2.98–6.78	0–300%	Piecewise linearity	Wearable skin	[87]
PAAM−SA−PPy NSs	Ionic/Electronic	10 S/m	Resistive	1.89–4.53	0–800%	Piecewise linearity	Wearable skin	[92]
PAAm/a−SWCNT/Sn	Ionic/Electronic	13.47 S/m	Resistive	0.3–0.8	0–100%	N/A	Wearable skin	[93]
CS/PVA−PA−BA	Ionic	5.3 S/m	Resistive	4.61	0–1000%	Linearity	Wearable skin	[94]
GPMZr	Ionic/Electronic	1.76 S/m	Resistive	1.24–1.92	0–500%	Piecewise linearity	Wearable skin/Underwater communicator	[95]
PEDOT:PSS−PVA	Electronic	N/A	N/A	4.07	0–300%	Linearity	Robotic skin	[96]
PAM−CaCl2	Ionic	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Wearable skin/Bionic muscle	[97]
PVA/PANI	Electronic	N/A	Capacitive	1.26–7.7 kPa−1	0–7.4 kPa	Piecewise linearity	Wearable skin	[98]
PAM/NaCl	Ionic	N/A	Capacitive	N/A	N/A	N/A	Wearable skin/Location detecting	[55]
PDA@CNT/PAAm	Electronic	2 mS/m	Resistive	1.99–3.93	0–400%	Piecewise linearity	Wearable skin/Smart ring device	[99]
HAPAA/PANI	Ionic/Electronic	3.35 S/m	Resistive	2.6–17.9	0–1500%	Piecewise linearity	Wearable skin/Touch screen device	[50]
PAAm/LiCl	Ionic	1 S/m	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Touch panel	[100]
TiO2/PDMAA	Electronic	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Touch panel	[60]
P(AAc−co−SBMA)	Ionic	N/A	Capacitive	0.9 kPa−1	0–5 kPa	Linearity	Wearable skin	[101]
PMVIC−r−SAMS	Ionic	0.55 S/m	Capacitive	1.12–1.14	0–200%	Piecewise linearity	Wearable skin	[102]
PSCL	Ionic	17.1 mS/cm	Capacitive	0.14 °C−1	12–95 °C	Nonlinearity	Temperature sensor	[103]

N/A indicates that this information is not applicable in the reference.