Table 2.
Bivariate Analysis of Criminal History and Criminogenic Needs by Probable Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Diagnostic Status
| Variable | Full sample M (SD) |
Probable PTSD M (SD) |
No PTSD M (SD) |
t (df) | p | Cohen’s d | 95% CI for the mean difference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Criminal history (ASI, Lifetime) | |||||||
| Number of criminal charges | 14.26 (19.21) | 15.00 (21.27) | 12.19 (11.54) | 1.20 (339) | .23 | 0.15 | [−7.46, 1.82] |
| Number of convictions | 6.35 (9.63) | 6.15 (9.38) | 6.91 (10.31) | 0.65 (335) | .52 | 0.08 | [−1.57, 3.10] |
| Number of months incarcerated | 37.96 (65.07) | 35.60 (63.1) | 44.70 (70.40) | 1.12 (334) | .26 | 0.14 | [−6.83, 24.93] |
| Criminal History Indexa | −0.08 (2.13) | −0.11 (2.14) | −0.004 (2.12) | 0.40 (330) | .69 | 0.05 | [−0.42, 0.63] |
| Antisocial personality pattern (TriPM) | |||||||
| Total scores | 82.96 (20.07) | 87.16 (19.37) | 71.22 (17.18) | −6.90 (339) | < .001 | 0.85 | [−20.50, −11.41] |
| Boldness | 31.96 (8.19) | 32.02 (8.15) | 31.78 (8.34) | 0.24 (339) | .81 | 0.03 | [−2.22, 1.74] |
| Meanness | 16.99 (10.46) | 18.71 (10.53) | 12.19 (8.68) | −5.26 (339) | < .001 | 0.67 | [−8.95, −4.07] |
| Disinhibition | 34.01 (11.45) | 36.43 (10.63) | 27.23 (10.96) | −6.98 (339) | < .001 | 0.86 | [−11.79, −6.61] |
| Antisocial cognitions (PICTS; t scores) | |||||||
| Mollification | 52.41 (11.78) | 54.18 (12.25) | 47.49 (8.66) | −4.77 (339) | < .001 | 0.59 | [−9.45, −3.93] |
| Cutoff | 61.60 (10.99) | 63.71 (10.76) | 55.72 (9.42) | −6.24 (339) | < .001 | 0.77 | [−10.51, −5.47] |
| Entitlement | 55.99 (11.50) | 57.74 (11.97) | 51.14 (8.41) | −4.81 (339) | < .001 | 0.84 | [−9.29, −3.91] |
| Power Orientation | 57.46 (12.23) | 59.35 (12.40) | 52.20 (10.08) | −4.91 (339) | < .001 | 0.60 | [−10.01, −4.29] |
| Super-optimism | 55.55 (12.18) | 57.58 (12.24) | 49.88 (10.07) | −5.36 (339) | < .001 | 0.66 | [−10.53, −4.87] |
| Cognitive Indolence | 56.48 (9.95) | 58.12 (9.91) | 51.91 (8.61) | −5.28 (339) | < .001 | 0.65 | [−8.52, −3.89] |
| Discontinuity | 59.72 (11.36) | 61.56 (11.47) | 54.58 (9.33) | −5.19 (339) | < .001 | 0.64 | [−9.62, −4.33] |
| Problem Avoidance | 60.48 (10.65) | 62.22 (10.51) | 55.62 (9.53) | −5.23 (339) | < .001 | 0.64 | [−9.08, −4.12] |
| Self-Assertion/Deception | 56.54 (11.58) | 58.51 (11.67) | 51.03 (9.34) | −5.48 (339) | < .001 | 0.67 | [−10.16, −4.79] |
| Current Criminal Thinking | 59.78 (11.02) | 61.69 (10.94) | 54.47 (9.41) | −5.56 (339) | < .001 | 0.68 | [−9.77, −4.67] |
| Proactive Criminal Thinking | 56.49 (12.33) | 58.73 (12.60) | 50.26 (9.01) | −5.86 (339) | < .001 | 0.72 | [−11.32, −5.63] |
| Reactive Criminal Thinking | 60.14 (11.09) | 62.21 (11.02) | 54.38 (9.12) | −6.03 (339) | < .001 | 0.74 | [−10.37, −5.27] |
| General Criminal Thinking | 59.12 (11.71) | 61.48 (11.72) | 52.59 (8.94) | −6.54 (339) | < .001 | 0.80 | [−11.56, −6.22] |
| Antisocial associates (MCAA) | |||||||
| Criminal Friend Index | 7.84 (8.46) | 8.64 (8.47) | 5.52 (8.06) | −2.08 (162) | .04 | 0.37 | [−6.07, −0.16] |
| Substance use problems (TLFB) | |||||||
| Days in past 6 months using alcohol | 38.39 (51.22) | 37.90 (51.39) | 39.77 (51.00) | 0.30 (339) | .77 | 0.04 | [−10.53, 14.26] |
| Days in past 6 months using drugs | 50.97 (58.34) | 55.08 (59.05) | 39.50 (55.01) | −1.19 (339) | .03 | 0.27 | [−29.60, −1.56] |
| Family/marital dysfunction (ASI) | |||||||
| Family/Social composite | 0.21 (0.20) | 0.23 (0.21) | 0.20 (0.23) | −3.56 (335) | < .001 | 0.48 | [−0.14, −0.05] |
| Employment problems (ASI) | |||||||
| Employment composite | 0.81 (0.21) | 0.81 (0.21) | 0.80 (0.21) | −0.70 (338) | .48 | 0.09 | [−0.07, 0.03] |
Note. Full sample: N = 341; posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) group: n = 251; no-PTSD group: n = 90. CI = confidence interval; ASI = Addiction Severity Index; TriPM = Triarchic Psychopathy Measure; PICTS = Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles; MCAA = Measures of Criminal Attitudes and Associates; TLFB = Timeline Follow-Back.
a
Criminal History Index is a z−scored composite based on average lifetime charges, convictions, and months incarcerated.