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. 2023 Oct 16;133(20):e170341. doi: 10.1172/JCI170341

Figure 3. Spatial metabolomics identifies adenine in regions of pathology in nonmacroalbuminuric patients with diabetes.

Figure 3

(A) Adenine was localized to regions of normal glomeruli and vessels in the normal kidney. Yellow circles and red circles indicate the region of interest labeled on the AF image and adenine ion image, respectively. AF, autofluorescence. Scale bar: 200 μm (AF, adenine, PAS + adenine, and adenine); 50 μm (PAS). (B) In a diabetic kidney, adenine is diffusely increased across the tissue section and prominent in regions of sclerotic blood vessels, glomeruli with mild sclerosis, and regions of atrophic tubules and interstitial inflammation. Scale bar: 200 μm (AF, adenine, PAS + adenine, and adenine); 50 μm (PAS). (C) Quantitative assessment across healthy controls (n = 5 from the CROCODILE study) and diabetic samples (n = 8 T1D from CROCODILE and n = 8 T2D, 2 from CROCODILE and 6 from Kidney KPMP) demonstrates a statistically significant increase of adenine in kidney tissue sections. Two-tailed Student’s t test was used for the comparison. Data represent mean ± SEM.