TABLE 1.
Microbial metabolites and their role in obesity and T2D pathogenesis.
| Metabolites | Source microorganism | Status in obesity and T2D | Role in pathogenesis | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Styrylpyrone-type metabolite penstyrylpyrone | Penicillium sp. | Decrease | Improves disease condition | Lee et al. (2013); Mar Rodríguez et al. (2015) |
| Butyrate | Fusobacterium, Eubacterium biforme, Butyrivibrio crossotus, Clostridium symbiosum, Roseburia, Anaerostipes, Coprococcus, Faecalibacterium | Decrease | improves colon mucosal barrier function, exhibits immunomodulatory effects and anti-inflammatory properties by downregulating pro-Inflammatory cytokines | Segain et al. (2000); Canfora et al. (2019); Hermes et al. (2020); Kim et al. (2020); Palmas et al. (2021) |
| BCAAs (Branched-chain amino acid) (valine, leucine, isoleucine) | Fusobacterium | Increase | Insulin resistance | Newgard et al. (2009); Reddy et al. (2018); Kim et al. (2020) |
| Endotoxin | Lactobacillus spp. | Decrease | Improvement of mucosal barrier function | Diamant et al. (2011) |
| Linoleic acid | Bifidobacteria | Decrease | Increase omega-3 fatty acid levels in Adipose tissue and reduce the pro-inflammatory cytokines | Diamant et al. (2011) |
| SFCA | Ruminococcus gnavus, Eubacterium biforme, Butyrivibrio crossotus, Clostridium symbiosum, Roseburia, Anaerostipes, Coprococcus, Faecalibacterium, Ruminococcus, Phascolarctobacterium, Dialister, Megasphaera | Decrease | Suppress weight gain, Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, increases GLP-1 and peptide YY (PYY) | Lin et al. (2012); Vallianou et al. (2018); Canfora et al. (2019); Hermes et al. (2020); Palmas et al. (2021) |
| LPS | Enterobacter, Escherichia albertii | Increase | Metabolic endotoxemia, inflammation | Cani et al. (2007); de la Cuesta-Zuluaga et al. (2018); Palmas et al. (2021) |
| Hydrogen sulfide | Desulfovibrio piger | Increase | Pro-inflammatory effects and Toxic intestinal epithelial cells | Palmas et al. (2021) |
| Polyamines | Clostridium, Peptostreptococcus, Peptococcus | Increase | Inflammation | Canfora et al. (2019); Bui et al. (2022) |
| BCFAs | Bacteroides, Eubacterium, Clostridium | Increase | Inflammation and dyslipidemia | Canfora et al. (2019) |