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. 2023 Oct 13;15:226. doi: 10.1007/s40820-023-01200-8

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — a Fire warning test for TET-based fire alarm device when exposed to alcohol lamp flame. b Schematic of early fire warning response mechanism. c Voltage curve of TET in three cyclic fire warning tests. d Trigger time of TET in fire alarm tests at 1–6 cycles. e. Fire warning trigger time of TET at various environmental temperatures. f Comparison of fire warning response time and self-powered warning performance of TET with other reported fire warning sensors [3, 5–7, 17–20, 22, 31, 54–56]