Table 2.
Description of all outcomes by study time point and randomised group allocation (ITT).
| Control group | Intervention group | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 6 months | 12 months | Baseline | 6 months | 12 months | |
| (N = 75) | (N = 71) | (N = 70) | (N = 76) | (N = 66) | (N = 63) | |
| Continuous study outcomes | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |
| CVD risk score (z-score), primary outcome | 0.4 (0.8) | 0.4 (0.9) | 0.3 (0.8) | 0.6 (0.7) | 0.5 (0.8) | 0.4 (0.9) |
| Na | 75 | 70 | 70 | 76 | 66 | 63 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 82.7 (12.7) | 83.4 (12.8) | 82.7 (11.7) | 84.1 (11.9) | 83.5 (11.8) | 83.9 (12.2) |
| N | 74 | 70 | 69 | 76 | 65 | 63 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 120.7 (15.2) | 116.1 (14.8) | 114.9 (14.2) | 123.1 (15.2) | 118.4 (15.4) | 116.9 (14.3) |
| N | 75 | 70 | 70 | 76 | 66 | 63 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 72.8 (10.0) | 69.9 (9.3) | 71.1 (9.2) | 77.2 (9.9) | 74.5 (10.4) | 74.1 (10.6) |
| N | 75 | 70 | 70 | 76 | 66 | 63 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/l) | 4.7 (0.8) | 4.7 (1.0) | 4.6 (0.4) | 4.7 (0.4) | 4.8 (0.6) | 4.8 (0.9) |
| N | 69 | 65 | 66 | 73 | 57 | 61 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.5 (0.4) | 1.6 (0.4) | 1.6 (0.4) | 1.4 (0.3) | 1.5 (0.4) | 1.5 (0.4) |
| N | 73 | 68 | 69 | 76 | 64 | 62 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/l) | 1.1 (0.5) | 1.3 (1.4) | 1.3 (1.5) | 1.4 (1.0) | 1.3 (1.2) | 1.3 (1.2) |
| N | 72 | 68 | 67 | 74 | 63 | 61 |
| Absolute peak power (Watt) | 188.6 (46.3) | 186.7 (51.6) | 186.3 (49.3) | 187.4 (50.7) | 194.7 (54.5) | 194.0 (52.7) |
| N | 74 | 68 | 69 | 76 | 63 | 60 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.2 (0.6) | 5.2 (0.6) | 5.2 (0.4) | 5.2 (0.4) | 5.3 (0.5) | 5.3 (0.6) |
| N | 72 | 64 | 66 | 73 | 57 | 61 |
| Glucose, 2 h oGTTb (mmol/l) | 4.6 (1.5) | na | 4.4 (1.2) | 5.0 (1.5) | na | 4.9 (1.5) |
| N | 66 | 65 | 71 | 59 | ||
| Glucose change, 0 to 2 h oGTTb (mmol/l) | 0.1 (1.5) | na | -0.3 (1.2) | 0.3 (1.4) | na | 0.2 (1.3) |
| N | 66 | 64 | 71 | 59 | ||
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 2.5 (0.9) | 2.7 (0.9) | 2.6 (0.9) | 2.6 (0.8) | 2.6 (0.8) | 2.6 (0.8) |
| N | 72 | 68 | 69 | 75 | 63 | 60 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.7 (4.0) | 23.7 (4.2) | 23.6 (3.8) | 24.4 (4.3) | 24.2 (3.9) | 24.4 (4.1) |
| N | 75 | 70 | 70 | 76 | 66 | 63 |
| Total body fat mass (kg)b | 21.9 (6.8) | na | 22.0 (7.2) | 22.6 (6.6) | na | 22.5 (7.1) |
| N | 73 | 68 | 74 | 61 | ||
| Total body fat proportion (%)b | 31.0 (7.4) | na | 30.9 (7.3) | 31.4 (6.4) | na | 30.8 (6.4) |
| N | 73 | 68 | 74 | 61 | ||
| % predicted abs. peak power | 70.1 (14.8) | 70.4 (16.0) | 69.7 (15.5) | 70.0 (15.9) | 72.8 (17.3) | 72.4 (17.3) |
| N | 74 | 68 | 69 | 76 | 63 | 60 |
| Relative peak power (Watt/kg) | 2.8 (0.7) | 2.7 (0.7) | 2.7 (0.7) | 2.7 (0.6) | 2.8 (0.7) | 2.7 (0.6) |
| N | 74 | 68 | 69 | 76 | 63 | 60 |
| % predicted rel. peak power | 77.5 (18.9) | 78.0 (19.6) | 77.5 (19.9) | 75.8 (15.5) | 79.1 (18.4) | 78.1 (17.1) |
| N | 74 | 68 | 69 | 76 | 63 | 60 |
| Grip strength dominant (kg) | 42.2 (12.8) | 43.1 (12.6) | 42.6 (12.5) | 43.3 (11.9) | 43.9 (12.8) | 45.0 (12.4) |
| N | 73 | 69 | 70 | 75 | 66 | 63 |
| Grip strength non-dominant (kg) | 39.0 (12.1) | 39.8 (11.8) | 40.5 (11.8) | 39.7 (12.2) | 40.7 (12.4) | 40.7 (12.1) |
| N | 73 | 69 | 70 | 75 | 66 | 63 |
| Repetitions 1-min STS | 49.9 (13.8) | 52.9 (14.4) | 54.9 (14.5) | 49.8 (11.2) | 56.2 (11.8) | 58.0 (12.1) |
| N | 75 | 70 | 69 | 76 | 66 | 62 |
| Overall counts per minute | 416.1 (128.0) | 404.7 (123.6) | 405.9 (129.4) | 386.9 (139.2) | 400.1 (138.2) | 375.2 (127.2) |
| N | 72 | 68 | 67 | 75 | 63 | 62 |
| Time in MVPA (min/day) | 43.4 (20.1) | 42.1 (21.9) | 42.1 (21.1) | 38.4 (20.2) | 38.0 (19.2) | 36.1 (16.9) |
| N | 72 | 68 | 67 | 75 | 63 | 62 |
| Time sedentary (min/day) | 530.5 (71.4) | 523.0 (80.5) | 525.5 (76.7) | 532.5 (92.3) | 514.6 (79.3) | 537.1 (79.8) |
| N | 72 | 68 | 67 | 75 | 63 | 62 |
| Average steps/day | 7637.5 (2685.3) | 7386.7 (2996.9) | 7437.0 (3030.2) | 7343.2 (2543.7) | 7705.3 (2724.8) | 6903.3 (2771.3) |
| N | 71 | 69 | 69 | 74 | 62 | 59 |
| Average aerobic steps/day | 1471.9 (1397.4) | 1427.8 (1784.6) | 1358.8 (1347.4) | 1272.0 (1243.7) | 1656.5 (1516.0) | 1170.3 (1040.6) |
| N | 71 | 69 | 69 | 74 | 62 | 59 |
| Binary study outcomesc | ||||||
| N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | |
| CVD risk | ||||||
| Normal CVD risk | 61 (81%) | 60 (86%) | 62 (89%) | 54 (71%) | 52 (79%) | 49 (78%) |
| Elevated CVD risk (z-score ≥1) | 14 (19%) | 10 (14%) | 8 (11%) | 22 (29%) | 14 (21%) | 14 (22%) |
| Waist circumference | ||||||
| Normal | 58 (78%) | 51 (73%) | 52 (75%) | 50 (66%) | 44 (68%) | 45 (71%) |
| High (≥ 94 cm in male, ≥80 cm in female) | 16 (22%) | 19 (27%) | 17 (25%) | 26 (34%) | 21 (32%) | 18 (29%) |
| Blood pressure | ||||||
| Normotensive | 55 (73%) | 58 (83%) | 59 (84%) | 50 (66%) | 45 (68%) | 52 (83%) |
| Hypertensive (≥130 systolic and/or ≥85 diastolic bp) | 20 (27%) | 12 (17%) | 11 (16%) | 26 (34%) | 21 (32%) | 11 (17%) |
| Fasting glucose | ||||||
| Normal | 68 (97%) | 63 (95%) | 68 (99%) | 72 (97%) | 54 (95%) | 59 (95%) |
| Elevated (≥5.6 mmol/l) | 2 (3%) | 3 (5%) | 1 (1%) | 2 (3%) | 3 (5%) | 3 (5%) |
| HbA1c | ||||||
| Normal | 69 (96%) | 60 (94%) | 60 (91%) | 69 (95%) | 54 (95%) | 53 (87%) |
| Elevated (≥5.7%) | 3 (4%) | 4 (6%) | 6 (9%) | 4 (5%) | 3 (5%) | 8 (13%) |
| Insulin resistance (oGTT)b | ||||||
| No | 63 (95%) | na | 64 (98%) | 68 (96%) | na | 56 (95%) |
| Yes (glucose ≥7.8 mmol/l at 2 h of oGTT) | 3 (5%) | na | 1 (2%) | 3 (4%) | na | 3 (5%) |
| HDL cholesterol | ||||||
| Normal | 64 (88%) | 57 (84%) | 58 (84%) | 63 (83%) | 56 (88%) | 53 (85%) |
| Low (< 1.03 mmol/L in male, <1.30 mmol/L in female) | 9 (12%) | 11 (16%) | 11 (16%) | 13 (17%) | 8 (13%) | 9 (15%) |
| LDL cholesterol | ||||||
| Normal | 70 (97%) | 65 (96%) | 67 (97%) | 75 (100%) | 62 (98%) | 60 (100%) |
| Elevated (≥4.9 mmol/l) | 2 (3%) | 3 (4%) | 2 (3%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (2%) | 0 (0%) |
| Triglycerides | ||||||
| Normal | 64 (89%) | 57 (84%) | 60 (90%) | 58 (78%) | 52 (83%) | 51 (84%) |
| Elevated (≥1.7 mmol/L) | 8 (11%) | 11 (16%) | 7 (10%) | 16 (22%) | 11 (17%) | 10 (16%) |
| BMI | ||||||
| BMI < 25 kg/m2 | 55 (73%) | 56 (80%) | 52 (74%) | 45 (59%) | 40 (61%) | 36 (57%) |
| BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 | 20 (27%) | 14 (20%) | 18 (26%) | 31 (41%) | 26 (39%) | 27 (43%) |
| Total body fat proportionb | ||||||
| Normal | 56 (77%) | na | 53 (78%) | 69 (93%) | na | 54 (89%) |
| High (≥20% in male, ≥33% in female) | 17 (23%) | na | 15 (22%) | 5 (7%) | na | 7 (11%) |
| Reaching CDC recommendations | ||||||
| <150 min MVPA/week | 9 (13%) | 12 (18%) | 13 (19%) | 13 (17%) | 13 (21%) | 11 (18%) |
| ≥150 min MVPA/week | 63 (88%) | 56 (82%) | 54 (81%) | 62 (83%) | 50 (79%) | 51 (82%) |
| Total steps/day | ||||||
| <10,000 steps/day | 55 (77%) | 59 (86%) | 58 (84%) | 62 (84%) | 47 (76%) | 50 (85%) |
| ≥10,000 steps/day | 16 (23%) | 10 (14%) | 11 (16%) | 12 (16%) | 15 (24%) | 9 (15%) |
abs. absolute, BP blood pressure, CDC Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, CVD cardiovascular disease, HbA1c glycosylated haemoglobin, HDL high-density lipoprotein, ITT intention-to-treat, LDL low-density lipoprotein, MVPA moderate-to-vigorous physical activities, n/N number, na not available, oGTT oral glucose tolerance test, rel. relative, SD standard deviation, STS sit-to-stand.
The bold texts cover the variables that were part of the primary CVD risk score.
aNumber of participants with information on the specific outcome at the specific time point (N non-missing).
boGTT and body composition measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was not performed at time point 6 months.
cColumn proportions were calculated based on available numbers for each variable.