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. 2023 Oct 13;13:17370. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-43682-x

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© The Author(s) 2023, corrected publication 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Schematic representation of the pathway for chain elongation of ethanol to hexanoate in the absence of external electron acceptor. In this stoichiometry ethanol oxidation and reversed β-oxidation are coupled in a 1:2 ratio, and acetate is subsequently elongated to butyrate and hexanoate. Energy conservation only happens via substrate-level phosphorylation, not via harvesting of proton motive force generated via the Rnf complex.