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. 2023 Oct 13;13:17370. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-43682-x

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© The Author(s) 2023, corrected publication 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Biochemical conversion profiles (A) and EtOH:H₂ ratios (B) during ethanol chain elongation in presence of butyrate. 100 mL of an active chain-elongating culture was incubated in a batch bioreactor with 550 mCmol ethanol and 60 mCmol butyrate, leading to an ethanol:butyrate molar ratio of 19:1 at the start of the experiment. Different phases in the experiments are distinguished according to stoichiometric shifts and are indicated with different shades of background color. EtOH:H₂ ratios were calculated using the point-wise difference between consumed ethanol and produced hydrogen. Due to fluctuating ethanol measurements in the first 21 h, the EtOH:H₂ ratio in this phase was calculated from t = 0 to t = 19 and from t = 0 to t = 20.5 with the initial concentration of ethanol as reference. Solid lines are linear interpolations between the data points.