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. 2023 Oct 13;23:232. doi: 10.1186/s12874-023-02045-w

Table 1.

Key characteristics of the employed outlier detection methods

Method Key characteristics
Type of detection method Types of outliers Input parameters Advantages
Static BIV (sBIV) Standardized Measurements Fixed cut-offs Simple
Modified BIV (mBIV) Empirical Measurements Fixed cut-offs Time consensus, simple
Single-model outlier measurement detection (SMOM) Statistical based Measurements Semi-dynamica, based on the dataset Population adjusted
Multi-model outlier measurement detection (MMOM) Statistical and clustering based Measurements Semi-dynamic, based on the dataset Group-adjusted
Clustering-based outlier trajectory (COT) Clustering based Trajectory Dynamic, based on data size Population adjusted
Multi-model outlier trajectory (MMOT) Statistical and clustering based Trajectory Semi-dynamic, based on the dataset Group-adjusted

aCombination of fixed thresholds (i.e. WHO) and dynamic thresholds or values derived from the dataset (including averages, number of clusters and so on)