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. 2023 Oct 13;21:719. doi: 10.1186/s12967-023-04585-7

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Morphologic characteristics and functional analysis of PGCCs. A PGCC induction and daughter cell generation following treatment (×100). a Hct116 control cells; b Hct116 PGCC (black arrow) and daughter cells (red arrow) after recovery from treatment; c LoVo control cells; d LoVo PGCC (black arrow) and daughter cells (red arrow) after recovery from treatment. B Wound healing assay in Hct116 cells before and after treatment at 0 and 24 h (×100). C Wound healing assay in LoVo cells before and after treatment at 0 and 24 h (×100). D Colony formation assays of 30, 60, and 120 Hct116 cells before and after treatment. E Colony formation assays of 30, 60, and 120 LoVo cells before and after treatment. F Western blot analysis of vimentin. a Total protein levels of vimentin, b cytoplasmic levels of vimentin, and c nuclear levels of vimentin. G ICC staining was performed to evaluate vimentin expression in Hct116 and LoVo cells before and after treatment (×200). H ICC staining to evaluate PIAS1 expression in Hct116 and LoVo cells before and after treatment (×200). I Grey value analysis of western blots. All data represent the means ± standard errors of the means of at least three independent experiments. a Total protein levels of vimentin, b cytoplasmic levels of vimentin, and c nuclear levels of vimentin. P values were calculated using a one-way analysis of variance. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001. PGCCs polyploid giant cancer cells, PDCs PGCCs with daughter cells, HC Hct116 control cells, HP Hct116 PDCs after treatment, LC LoVo control cells, LP LoVo PDCs after treatment, ICC immunocytochemical