Table 3.
Associations between adverse childhood experiences and non-daily toothbrushing in adolescents
| ACEa | MAIN ANALYSIS | SUBGROUP ANALYSIS | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | ORb (95% CI) | 13–15 yrs ORb (95% CI) |
16–17 yrs ORb (95% CI) |
Pinteraction | |
| Physical abuse, close | 5785 | 1.42 (0.92–2.20) | 1.48 (0.76–2.88) | 1.45 (0.81–2.59) | 0.727 |
| Physical abuse, others | 5786 | 2.19 (1.55–3.11) | 2.01 (1.16–3.48) | 2.42 (1.52–3.84) | 0.779 |
| Witness to violence | 5780 | 1.54 (1.18–2.01) | 1.55 (1.03–2.33) | 1.61 (1.12–2.30) | 0.932 |
| Sexual abuse, peer | 5772 | 2.09 (1.40–3.11) | 2.21 (1.18–4.13) | 2.14 (1.26–3.62) | 0.594 |
| Sexual abuse, adult | 5759 | 1.01 (0.52–1.97) | 1.08 (0.38–3.11) | 1.00 (0.42–2.41) | 0.719 |
| Parental separation/divorce | 5889 | 1.65 (1.09–2.50) | 2.37 (1.32–4.26) | 1.38 (0.78–2.44) | 0.111 |
| Parental alcohol abuse | 5855 | 1.53 (0.97–2.43) | 1.99 (0.93–4.26) | 1.29 (0.73–2.29) | 0.314 |
| Bully victimization | 5702 | 1.86 (1.44–2.40) | 1.36 (0.94–1.97) | 2.59 (1.80–3.72) | 0.014 |
| Per ACE increase | 5559 | 1.30 (1.19–1.42) | 1.29 (1.13–1.47) | 1.32 (1.18–1.48) | 0.803 |
ACE: Adverse childhood experience; N: Number of participants; OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval
aThe reference for each specific ACE was no history of exposure to the given ACE
bAdjusted for age (continuous), sex (male/female), Nordic birth country parents, family economy, parental employment status and living arrangements