Table 1.
Baseline characteristics grouped according to SHR levels
| Variables | Total | Groups (group 1–7) divided by SHR | P value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| < 0.50 | 0.50–0.74 | 0.75–0.99 | 1.00–1.24 | 1.25–1.49 | 1.50–1.74 | ≥ 1.75 | |||
| Sample, % | 8978 (100) | 208 (2.3) | 1086 (12.1) | 3649 (40.6) | 2098 (23.4) | 957 (10.7) | 458 (5.1) | 522 (5.8) | |
| Age, year | 74.2 (65.9–82.0) | 71.1 (62.1–78.9) | 74.1 (65.7–82.0) | 74.1 (65.9–81.9) | 74.7 (66.1–82.4) | 75.0 (67.3–82.5) | 74.1 (66.6–82.0) | 72.6 (63.4–81.1) | < 0.001 |
| Male, % | 5452 (60.7) | 123 (59.1) | 637 (58.7) | 2294 (62.9) | 1263 (60.2) | 574 (60.0) | 246 (53.7) | 315 (60.3) | 0.004 |
| Weight, Kg | 82.5 (69.3–97.3) | 83.2 (68.0-99.8) | 80.4 (67.9–97.3) | 82.9 (70.0–97.0) | 82.9 (69.5–97.0) | 82.0 (68.6–98.3) | 81.6 (67.2–95.9) | 83.0 (69.7–97.6) | 0.297 |
| Severity of Illness | |||||||||
| SOFA score | 5 (3–7) | 5 (3–8) | 5 (3–7) | 5 (3–7) | 5 (3–7) | 5 (3–7) | 6 (3–8) | 6 (3–9) | < 0.001 |
| SAPS II score | 37 (30–45) | 38 (31–47) | 36 (30–43) | 37 (30–45) | 37 (31–46) | 37 (31–46) | 38 (31–47) | 40 (33–50) | < 0.001 |
| LODS score | 4 (3–7) | 5 (3–8) | 4 (3–7) | 4 (3–6) | 4 (3–7) | 5 (3–7) | 5 (3–8) | 5 (3–8) | < 0.001 |
| Charlson score | 6 (5–8) | 7 (6–9) | 6 (5–8) | 6 (4–7) | 6 (4–8) | 6 (5–8) | 7 (5–8) | 7 (5–9) | < 0.001 |
| First Care Unit | < 0.001 | ||||||||
| CCU, % | 1180 (13.1) | 36 (17.3) | 158 (14.5) | 361 (9.9) | 278 (13.3) | 135 (14.1) | 95 (20.7) | 117 (22.4) | |
| CVICU, % | 3802 (42.3) | 48 (23.1) | 439 (40.4) | 1941 (53.2) | 850 (40.5) | 302 (31.6) | 119 (26.0) | 103 (19.7) | |
| MICU, % | 1265 (14.1) | 50 (24.0) | 191 (17.6) | 384 (10.5) | 267 (12.7) | 161 (16.8) | 79 (17.2) | 133 (25.5) | |
| SICU, % | 1724 (19.2) | 58 (27.9) | 209 (19.2) | 559 (15.3) | 444 (21.2) | 218 (22.8) | 108 (23.6) | 128 (24.5) | |
| Others, % | 1007 (11.2) | 16 (7.7) | 89 (8.2) | 404 (11.1) | 259 (12.3) | 141 (14.7) | 57 (12.4) | 41 (7.9) | |
| Vital Signs | |||||||||
| SBP, mmHg | 114 (106–125) | 115 (105–129) | 114 (106–123) | 114 (107–123) | 115 (107–126) | 116 (107–128) | 115 (107–129) | 114 (106–127) | 0.059 |
| Heart rate, bpm | 81 (73–91) | 83 (71–93) | 80 (72–89) | 80 (73–88) | 81 (73–92) | 83 (75–94) | 84 (75–95) | 83 (72–95) | < 0.001 |
| Temperature, ℃ | 36.7 (36.5–37.0) | 36.7 (36.4–36.9) | 36.7 (36.5–36.9) | 36.7 (36.5–36.9) | 36.7 (36.5–37.0) | 36.8 (36.5–37.0) | 36.8 (36.6–37.0) | 36.8 (36.6–37.0) | < 0.001 |
| RR, bpm | 18 (16–21) | 18 (16–21) | 18 (17–21) | 18 (16–20) | 19 (17–21) | 19 (17–22) | 19 (17–21) | 20 (17–22) | < 0.001 |
| Comorbidities | |||||||||
| T2DM, % | 4013 (44.7) | 197 (94.7) | 618 (56.9) | 1164 (31.9) | 876 (41.8) | 488 (51.0) | 295 (64.4) | 375 (71.8) | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension,% | 6457 (71.9) | 145 (69.7) | 771 (71.0) | 2629 (72.1) | 1533 (73.1) | 668 (69.8) | 335 (73.1) | 376 (72.0) | 0.565 |
| AMI, % | 1335 (14.9) | 40 (19.2) | 159 (14.6) | 376 (10.3) | 328 (15.6) | 181 (18.9) | 101 (22.1) | 150 (28.7) | < 0.001 |
| OMI, % | 1977 (22.0) | 68 (32.7) | 283 (26.1) | 712 (19.5) | 425 (20.3) | 217 (22.7) | 132 (28.8) | 140 (26.8) | < 0.001 |
| CKD, % | 3350 (37.3) | 141 (67.8) | 501 (46.1) | 1153 (31.6) | 731 (34.8) | 348 (36.4) | 224 (48.9) | 252 (48.3) | < 0.001 |
| Laboratory tests | |||||||||
| WBC, x 10^9/L | 8.7 (6.7–11.8) | 8.9 (7.1–11.3) | 8.2 (6.5–10.8) | 8.5 (6.6–11.4) | 8.9 (6.7–12.0) | 9.1 (6.8–12.8) | 9.1 (7.1–12.9) | 9.5 (6.7–14.0) | < 0.001 |
| HGB, g/dL | 12.0 (10.6–13.4) | 11.6 (10.1–13.1) | 11.9 (10.6–13.2) | 12.3 (11.0-13.6) | 12.0 (10.6–13.4) | 11.9 (10.5–13.4) | 11.4 (10.0-12.7) | 11.6 (10.0–13.0) | < 0.001 |
| SCr, mg/dL | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 1.3 (0.9-2.0) | 1.0 (0.8–1.4) | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 1.1 (0.9–1.5) | 1.2 (0.9–1.8) | < 0.001 |
| BUN, mg/dL | 19 (15–27) | 23 (17–38) | 20 (15–29) | 18 (14–25) | 19 (14–27) | 20 (15–28) | 21 (16–33) | 23 (17–36) | < 0.001 |
| Medical History | |||||||||
| Insulin use, % | 2734 (30.5) | 154 (74.0) | 446 (41.1) | 798 (21.9) | 569 (27.1) | 306 (32.0) | 197 (43.0) | 264 (50.6) | < 0.001 |
| Vasopressor, % | 4393 (48.9) | 82 (39.4) | 495 (45.6) | 1914 (52.5) | 972 (46.3) | 470 (49.1) | 211 (46.1) | 249 (47.7) | < 0.001 |
| Diuretics, % | 7647 (85.2) | 185 (88.9) | 945 (87.0) | 3158 (86.5) | 1731 (82.5) | 793 (82.9) | 396 (86.5) | 439 (84.1) | < 0.001 |
| MV, % | 3923 (43.7) | 95 (45.7) | 495 (45.6) | 1502 (41.2) | 953 (45.4) | 440 (46.0) | 204 (44.5) | 234 (44.8) | 0.012 |
SHR: stress hyperglycemia ratio; CCU: coronary care unit; CVICU: cardiac vascular intensive care unit; MICU: medical intensive care unit; SICU: surgery intensive care unit; SBP: systolic blood pressure; RR: respiratory rate; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; CKD: chronic kidney disease; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; WBC: white blood cell count; HGB: hemoglobin; SCr: serum creatinine; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; RRT: renal replacement therapy