TABLE 3.
Overview of the pleiotropic effects of apixaban in endothelial cells (ECs) in vitro.
| Endothelial cell type | Apixaban dose | Stimulation factor | Cellular effects of apixaban | Biological/Pleiotropic effects | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HaECs | 10, 30, 100 nM | AF hemodynamics | ↓ Fibrin deposition, thrombin generation | Clot resistance to fibrinolysis | Simmers et al. (2016) |
| ↑Fibrin density | |||||
| HUVECs and HMEC-1 | 130 nM | Uremic serum | ↓VCAM1, ICAM1 expression, p- P38MAPK, p-P42/44 | Anti-inflammatory effect | Torramade-Moix et al. (2021) |
| ↓ROS generation | Anti-oxidant effect | ||||
| ↑NOS3 expression | ↓ Thrombogenicity | ||||
| ↓VWF expression, platelet adhesion |
HaECs, Human Aortic Endothelial Cells; HUVECs, Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells; HMECs, Human Microvascular Endothelial Cells; AF, Atrial Fibrillation; VCAM1, Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; ICAM1, Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; P38MAPK, p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase; ROS, Reactive Oxygen Species; NOS3, Nitric Oxide Synthase 3; VWF, von Willebrand Factor.