TABLE 4.
Overview of the pleiotropic effects of edoxaban in endothelial cells (ECs) in vitro.
| Endothelial cell type | Edoxaban dose | Stimulation factor | Cellular effects of edoxaban | Biological/Pleiotropic effects | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HUVECs | 1 nM ‐ 1 μM | - | ↑ Viability | Proliferative action | Almengló et al. (2020) |
| 100–500 nM | FXa (9 nM) | ↓ ICAM1, VCAM1, SELE, PAI-1, AREG, GRN, PLAU, SERPINE1 expression | Anti-inflammatory effects | ||
| ↑ PI3K, CSF1, ENPP2, ERBB4 expression | |||||
| ↓ PBMCs and platelet adhesion, transmigration | |||||
| — | ↑ Fibrin formation | Hemostasis control | |||
| ↑ u-PA activation | |||||
| FXa (9 nM) | ↑ Tube formation | Angiogenic effects | |||
| ↓Migration | Anti-promigratory effects |
HUVECs, Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells; FXa, Factor Xa; ICAM1, Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; VCAM1, Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; SELE, Selectin E; PAI-1, Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1; AREG, Amphiregulin; GRN, Granulin Precursor; PLAU, Plasminogen Activator Urokinase; SERPINE1, Serpin Family E Member 1; PI3K, Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase; CSF1, Colony Stimulating Factor 1; ENPP2, Ectonucleotide Pyrophosphatase/Phosphodiesterase 2; ERBB4, Erb-B2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinase 4; PBMCs, Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells; u-PA, urokinase Plasminogen Activator.