Table 2. Model performance using BBFID-1, BBFID-2 and BBFID in EfficientNetV2s architecture.

Learning rate starts from 1e−4 and the epoch is limited to less than 51. Test accuracy/Test loss means the accuracy / loss of the saved model.

Order	MODE	Dataset	Scale	>x images each taxon	Number of categories	Learning rate in the end	Epochs	Max. training accuracy	Min. training loss	Max. validation accuracy	Min. validation loss	Last epoch test accuracy	Last epoch test loss	Test accuracy	Test loss
13	Genus	BBFID-1	C	10	156	1.25E−05	49	0.9972	0.0080	0.5990	1.8758	0.5848	1.9234	0.5834	1.9320
14	Genus	BBFID-1	B	50	34	1.25E−05	34	0.9939	0.0281	0.7185	1.1308	0.6916	1.1420	0.7173	1.1142
15	Genus	BBFID-1	A	100	13	5.00E−05	29	0.9866	0.0446	0.8090	0.6661	0.8256	0.6719	0.8210	0.6650
16	Genus	BBFID-2	C	10	223	1.00E−04	22	0.9908	0.0848	0.5320	2.1067	0.4919	2.2493	0.5004	2.2021
17	Genus	BBFID-2	B	50	32	5.00E−05	21	0.9929	0.0483	0.7370	0.9765	0.7170	1.0273	0.7135	1.0625
18	Genus	BBFID-2	A	100	9	5.00E−05	25	0.9878	0.0486	0.8636	0.5007	0.8259	0.5409	0.8543	0.4904
19	Genus	BBFID	C	10	379	2.50E−05	35	0.9974	0.0134	0.5567	2.0772	0.5353	2.2279	0.5371	2.2333
20	Genus	BBFID	B	50	66	2.50E−05	27	0.9933	0.0299	0.7335	1.1080	0.7192	1.1866	0.7066	1.2000
21	Genus	BBFID	/	60	47	1.25E−05	34	0.9961	0.0177	0.7538	1.0721	0.7742	0.8506	0.7626	0.8921
22	Genus	BBFID	A	100	22	5.00E−05	26	0.9907	0.0335	0.8261	0.6590	0.8190	0.6615	0.8145	0.6759
23	Species	BBFID-1	E	6	241	5.00E−05	31	0.9949	0.0345	0.6117	1.8168	0.5971	1.9054	0.6080	1.9233
24	Species	BBFID-1	D	8	179	1.00E−04	28	0.9938	0.0645	0.6251	1.6484	0.5810	1.8759	0.6299	1.6987
25	Species	BBFID-1	C	10	148	2.50E−05	32	0.9975	0.0289	0.6629	1.4035	0.6642	1.4147	0.6790	1.4161
26	Species	BBFID-1	B	50	8	5.00E−05	27	0.9871	0.0789	0.7460	0.7560	0.7984	0.7489	0.8140	0.6747
27	Species	BBFID-2	E	6	396	1.00E−04	23	0.9950	0.0726	0.5128	2.3015	0.4677	2.5728	0.4813	2.5160
28	Species	BBFID-2	D	8	265	1.00E−04	28	0.9983	0.0492	0.5590	1.9957	0.5411	2.0768	0.5349	2.1075
29	Species	BBFID-2	C	10	195	1.00E−04	25	0.9969	0.0647	0.6162	1.6714	0.5540	1.9768	0.5791	1.8711
30	Species	BBFID-2	B	50	8	5.00E−05	24	0.9968	0.0472	0.9494	0.1308	0.9615	0.1806	0.9519	0.1610
31	Species	BBFID	/	2	1436	5.00E−05	41	0.9956	0.0271	0.4975	2.4540	0.4274	2.8980	0.4330	2.9233
32	Species	BBFID	/	4	914	1.00E−04	28	0.9920	0.0758	0.4958	2.4228	0.4707	2.5650	0.4899	2.5005
33	Species	BBFID	E	6	637	1.00E−04	25	0.9934	0.0677	0.5521	2.0340	0.5067	2.3438	0.5142	2.2276
34	Species	BBFID	D	8	444	5.00E−05	26	0.9975	0.0291	0.6148	1.6785	0.5752	1.8458	0.5957	1.8470
35	Species	BBFID	C	10	343	2.50E−05	34	0.9991	0.0143	0.6472	1.5119	0.6476	1.4888	0.6397	1.5602
36	Species	BBFID	B	50	16	1.00E−04	23	0.9787	0.1037	0.8399	0.5760	0.8283	0.5472	0.8283	0.5487