Table 1. Proximate composition of sea cucumber and sea cucumber viscera (%).
| Species | Moisture | Protein | Lipid | Ash | Carbohydrates | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sea cucumber | ||||||
| H. arenicola (f) | 93.01 | 4.40 | 0.60 | 2.01 | – | Barzkar, Fariman & Taheri (2017) |
| H. atra (f) | 78.34 | 42.32 | 1.12 | 2.38 | 0.87 | Oedjoe (2017) |
| H. edulis (f) | 78.16 | 41.61 | 1.08 | 2.47 | 1.14 | Oedjoe (2017) |
| H. impatiens (f) | 78.41 | 39.94 | 1.12 | 2.16 | 1.37 | Oedjoe (2017) |
| H. lessoni (d) | 13.47 | 41.18 | 3.02 | 34.51 | 7.86 | Andriamanamisata & Telesphore (2019) |
| H. leucospilota (f) | 81.24 | 45.71 | 4.60 | 4.30 | 44.96 | Omran (2013) |
| H. mammata (f) | 85.24 | 7.88 | 0.09 | 5.13 | – | Aydin et al. (2011) |
| H. nobilis (f) | 76.05 | 42.54 | 1.09 | 2.39 | 0.56 | Oedjoe (2017) |
| H. parva (f) | 67.92 | 17.61 | 2.43 | 32.74 | – | Salarzadeh et al. (2012) |
| H. sanctori (f) | – | 8.02 | 0.55 | – | – | Gocer, Olgunoglu & Olgunoglu (2018) |
| H. scabra (f) | 76.03 | 44.07 | 1.02 | 2.01 | 0.45 | Oedjoe (2017) |
| H. tubulosa (f) | 80.77 | 7.07 | 10.21 | – | – | Zmemlia et al. (2020) |
| P. australis (f) | 74.92 | 20.22 | 1.42 | 2.58 | 0.86 | Widianingsih et al. (2016) |
| P. californicus (d) | 4.03 | 47.03 | 8.19 | 25.73 | 15.02 | Bechtel, Oliveira & Smiley (2012) |
| P. parvimensis (f) | 90.80 | 4.70 | 0.30 | 3.40 | – | Chang-Lee, Price & Lampila (1989) |
| S. herrmanni (d) | 8.00 | 67.90 | 1.09 | 17.24 | 7.34 | Shojaei, Ebrahimi & Nazemi (2020) |
| S. horrens (f) | 92.80 | 3.47 | 0.39 | 3.40 | – | Barzkar, Fariman & Taheri (2017) |
| S. japonicus (f) | 92.00 | 7.70 | 0.20 | 2.70 | – | Tanikawa (1955) |
| S. variegatus (d) | 6.27 | 34.33 | 1.08 | 4.34 | – | Ridhowati et al. (2018) |
| S. vastus (f) | 19.46 | 38.70 | 0.38 | 34.04 | 7.42 | Rasyid (2017) |
| Sea cucumber viscera | ||||||
| A. japonicus (f) | 89.54 | 2.20 | 2.12 | 3.94 | – | Lee et al. (2012) |
| C. frondosa (ad) | 7.84 | 42.20 | 23.68 | 11.51 | – | Liu et al. (2021) |
| C. frondosa (fd) | 1.79 | 46.12 | 22/77 | 12.31 | – | Liu et al. (2021) |
| C. frondosa (f) | 82.07 | 8.65 | 4.68 | 2.14 | – | Liu et al. (2021) |
| C. frondosa (f) | 92.3 | 4.5 | 2.0 | 0.7 | – | Mamelona, Louis & Pelletier (2010) |
| I. japonicus (f) | 86.92 | 6.63 | 0.16 | 3.26 | – | Vergara & Rodriguez (2016) |
| P. californicus (d) | 5.50 | 68.40 | 5.30 | 12.18 | – | Bechtel et al. (2013) |
| - (h) | – | 50.27 | 22.16 | – | – | Babji et al. (2020) |
| - (fr) | 76.5 | 9.3 | 1.3 | 12.4 | – | Kim & Kim (2014) |
Note:
–, Not determine; ad, air-dried; d, dried; f, fresh; fr, fermented; h, hydrolysate.