Table 1.
The clinical characteristics of the participants in the PD and HC group
| Characteristics | HC (N = 38) Mean ± SD (range) | PD (N = 70) Mean ± SD (range) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age at examination (years) | 68.4 ± 4.89 (61–79) | 69.7 ± 8.40 (48–82) | 0.1032 |
| Sex (male/female) | 19/19 | 41/29 | 0.4229 |
| Age at onset (years) | 62.1 ± 9.78 (36–77) | ||
| Disease duration (months) | 91.3 ± 50.6 (9–237) | ||
| Education (years) | 13.9 ± 1.80 (12–16) | 12.7 ± 2.58 (9–18) | 0.0146 |
| LEDD (mg) | 647 ± 339 (0–1425) | ||
| MDS-UPDRS I | 10.8 ± 5.83 (0–25) | ||
| MDS-UPDRS II | 15.1 ± 8.34 (0–36) | ||
| MDS-UPDRS III | 35.6 ± 16.4 (7–78) | ||
| MDS-UPDRS IV | 5.41 ± 4.47 (0–14) | ||
| HY | 3.11 ± 1.04 (1–5) | ||
| PDQ-39 SI | 30.1 ± 15.8 (2.1–71.3) | ||
| SCOPA-AUTO | 15.0 ± 8.03 (2–47) | ||
| GDS-15 | 2.55 ± 2.16 (0–8) | 6.91 ± 3.73 (0–15) | < 0.0001 |
| J-QUIP | 0.657 ± 0.976 (0–3) | ||
| RBDSQ-J | 5.24 ± 2.95 (1–11) | ||
| ESS | 9.20 ± 5.87 (0–24) | ||
| OSIT-J score | 3.59 ± 2.54 (0–11) | ||
| MMSE | 28.7 ± 1.19 (26–30) | 26.0 ± 4.35 (5–30) | < 0.0001 |
| ACE-R total score | 95.0 ± 2.99 (89–100) | 83.0 ± 15.4 (17–99) | < 0.0001 |
| MoCA-J total score | 24.8 ± 2.67 (20–30) | 21.1 ± 5.07 (2–29) | < 0.0001 |
| FAB | 13.0 ± 2.80 (5–18) |
Significance was tested using the Wilcoxon rank sum test
PD Parkinson's disease, HC healthy control, LEDD Levodopa equivalent daily dose, MDS-UPDRS Movement Disorder Society’s Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, HY Hoehn − Yahr scale, PDQ-39 SI Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-39 Summary Index, SCOPA-AUT Scales for Outcomes in Parkinson's Disease-Autonomic, GDS-15 Geriatric Depression Scale-15, J-QUIP Japanese version of the Questionnaire for Impulsive − Compulsive Disorders in Parkinson's Disease, RBDSQ-J Japanese version of the REM Sleep Behavior Disorder Screening Questionnaire, ESS Epworth Sleepiness Scale, OSIT-J Odor Stick Identification Test for Japanese, MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination, ACE-R Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination-Revised, MoCA-J Japanese version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, FAB Frontal Assessment Battery
*Bold letters indicate a statistically significant difference