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. 2023 Oct 14;14:6494. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-42149-x

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a Top, standard, compressing and stretching TPP electrodes on the skin. Scale bar: 1 cm; bottom, photographs of Ag/AgCl and TPP electrodes when recording sEMG of frontalis and the TPP electrode in the skin folds. Scale bar of photographs at the bottom: 1 cm; bottom inset: 0.5 cm. b sEMG signals recorded by Ag/AgCl and TPP electrodes, respectively. The subject was asked to make each contraction for 5 seconds. In the case of recording by Ag/AgCl electrodes, after four times of contraction, noises were even higher than signals. c Schematic illustrations and lateral photographs of Ag/AgCl electrode and TPP electrode on skin folds. d Noise level and SNR recorded by two electrodes during contractions. e Photographs of electrode configuration on FCU and contraction task. Two pairs of electrodes were attached to the same position on the forearm. f sEMG signals and spectrograms recorded by Ag/AgCl and TPP electrodes, respectively. The subject was asked to curl the wrist with a 5 kg dumbbell for three sessions to activate FCU. g sEMG signals and linear fit results of median frequency during flexion 1, 2 and 3 recorded by Ag/AgCl and TPP electrodes. Decreasing median frequencies indicated fatigue of the muscle.