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. 2023 Oct 14;14:6477. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-41740-6

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a FEM simulation of the compressive load of four different structures; b Comparison of compressibility of RS crystal growth in various structures for 24 h; c Comparison of compression properties of different RS crystal growth time inside the 3D-printed cuttlebone structure; d Compression force versus resistance change for various RS crystal growth time inside the 3D-printed cuttlebone structures; e Comparison of stress versus strain of the 3D-printed cuttlebone structures with different RS crystal growth time; f Comparison of fracture strength (K_F) and fracture toughness for crack initiation (K_IC) of the 3D-printed cuttlebone with different RS crystal growth time. Error bars represent standard deviation (n = 10); Simulations of stress distribution by COMSOL Multiphysics for the 3D-printed-RSC (g) (inset shows SEM images of the related fracture surfaces, scale bar from left to right, 400 µm, 400 µm, 150 µm) and 3D-printed cuttlebone (h) (inset shows microscope photo of the related fracture surface, scale bar 500 µm); i R-curves of the 3D-printed-RSC for different growth time; j Comparison of specific toughness and density of the 3D-printed-RSC with other works (inset shows the comparison of specific strength and specific toughness of the 3D printed-RSC with other works)^{21,26,38,43,54–63}.