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. 2023 Oct 14;14:6477. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-41740-6

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — a Illustration of testing 3D-printed-RSC smart monitoring armor element electrodes; b Data collection using 5 g and 10 g weights to impact the 3D-printed-RSC smart monitoring armor (scale bar, 10 mm); c Voltage output waveform of the 16 elements corresponding to the impact and (d) the force distribution derived from the voltage analysis by MATLAB; e “SDSU” patterns can be derived from pressure detection distribution using MATLAB (scale bar, 10 mm); f Comparison of damaged smart monitoring armor before and after healing (scale bar, 10 mm). The enlarged images (h) and (i) compare the damaged and healing parts (scale bar, 0.2 mm); g, j Corresponding MATLAB stress element blocks; k Schematic diagram of smart armor recycling (scale bar, 20 mm); l Force distribution MATLAB element blocks shows letter “L” corresponding to piezoelectricity tested by new 3 × 3 smart monitoring armor growing with recycled RS crystal solutions.