Table 1.
Comparison of demographic, anthropometric indices, blood pressure and blood pressure variability (BPV) parameters, heart rate variability (HRV) parameters among healthy control, diabetes mellitus (DM) patients on treatment without hypertension and with hypertension (HTN).
| Variables | Control group | Test group (1) | Test group (2) | P values |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Healthy control) (n = 191) | (DM without HTN) (n = 172) | (DM with HTN) (n = 177) | ||
| Age (Years) | 51 (43–59) | 50 (46–56) | 52 (47–57) | 0.349 |
| BMI (Kg/m2) | 25.65(23.93–28.24) | 25.80(23.17–28.67) | 26.63(24.33–28.88) | 0.133 |
| BPV parameters | ||||
| BHR (beats per min) | 75 (70–83) | 77 (69.25–84) | 80 (72–88.50)**, # | 0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 122 (112–128) | 121 (112–129) | 133 (122.50–143)***,### | < 0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 79 (72—87) | 78 (72–84) | 83 (78–88 )***,## | < 0.001 |
| RPP (mmHg/min) | 91.63 (80.30–104.58) | 91.67 (80.45–104.49) | 105.57 (93.70–118.30)***,### | < 0.001 |
| BRS (ms/mmHg) | 16.06 (13.55–19.356) | 13.02 (8.79–16.67) | 6.27 (4.31–8.27)***,### | < 0.001 |
| HRV parameters | ||||
| TP(ms2) | 1328 (839—2042 ) | 885(615.50–1185.75)*** | 469 (368–655 )***,### | < 0.001 |
| LFnu | 46.20 (35.92–58.95) | 52.32(43.31–59.91)* | 64.00 (52.00–72.50)***,### | < 0.001 |
| HFnu | 53.799 (41.35–64.07) | 47.67(40.08–56.68)* | 6.00 (27.50–48.00)***,### | < 0.001 |
| LF/HF | 0.85 (0.56–1.41) | 1.09(0.76–1.49)* | 1.79 (1.09–2.70) ***,### | < 0.001 |
| SDNN (ms) | 43.70 (32.70–57.00) | 31.30 (23.77–42.00)*** | 22.70 (15.13–28.00)***,### | < 0.001 |
| RMSSD(ms) | 42.00 (20.00–90.00) | 26.00 (18.85–34.30)*** | 15.80 (10.00–24.05)***,### | < 0.001 |
| NN50 | 20.40 (13.45–25.90) | 12.00 (9.00–19.00)*** | 8.00 (5.00–11.00)***,### | < 0.001 |
| PNN50 | 25.00 (17.00–37.70) | 8.00 (5.00–9.97)*** | 2.20 (2.00–4.13)***,### | < 0.001 |
Data is expressed as Median with interquartile range. Comparison among the groups was done by Kruskalwallis test. *P Value < 0.05; ** P Value < 0.01; *** P Value < 0.001 was considered significant, when comparison is done with control; #P Value < 0.05; ## P Value < 0.01; ### P Value < 0.001 was considered significant, when comparison is done with patients with DM without hypertension. BMI: Body mass index; BHR: Basal heart rate; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; RPP: Rate pressure product; BRS: Baroreflex sensitivity; TP: Total power of HRV, LFnu: Normalized low-frequency power of HRV; HFnu: Normalized high-frequency power of HRV; LF/HF: Ratio of LFnu and HFnu; SDNN: Standard deviation of normal to normal interval; RMSSD: Square root of the mean of the sum of the squares of the differences between adjacent NN intervals. NN50: the number of interval differences of successive NN intervals greater than 50 ms; PNN50; the proportion derived by dividing NN50 by the total number of NN intervals.