Table 2.
Comparison of metabolic, inflammatory and calcification markers among healthy control, diabetes mellitus (DM) patients on treatment without hypertension and with hypertension (HTN).
| Variables | Control group | Test group (1) | Test group (2) | P values |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Healthy control) (n = 191) | (DM without HTN) (n = 172) | (DM with HTN) (n = 177) | ||
| Metabolic parameters for Glycemic profile | ||||
| FSG (mg/dL) | 84 (76–97) | 133 (106.25–165) *** | 133 (117.50–187.50)*** | < 0.001 |
| HbA1c (g%) | 5.4 (5.20–5.60) | 7 (6.44–7.15) *** | 7 (6.41–7.31)*** | < 0.001 |
| Insulin (μU/mL) | 9.71 (6.85–13.16) | 22.56 (9.55–38.64) *** | 26.11 (17.73–49.03)***,### | < 0.001 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.97 (1.36–2.84) | 5.85 (2.71–12.19) *** | 8.29 (5.10–17.06) ***,### | < 0.001 |
| Metabolic parameters for lipid profile | ||||
| TC(mg /dL) | 175 (157 -194) | 157 (135.25–183)*** | 147 (126.50–177) *** | < 0.001 |
| HDL-C(mg /dL) | 44 (40–49) | 37 (33.25–43.75) *** | 37 (32 -40.50) *** | < 0.001 |
| LDL-C(mg /dL) 103.40(88.80–117.20) | 103.40 (88.80-117.20) | 94.50 (73.00–117.00)** | 96.00 (79.50–122.00) | 0.005 |
| TG(mg /dL) | 128 (103 -150) | 135.50 (99.25–180) | 145 (110.50–189.00)** | 0.004 |
| VLDL-C(mg /dL) | 25.60 (20.60–30.0) | 27.10(19.85–36.0) | 29 (22.10–37.80) ** | 0.004 |
| Inflammatory & calcification markers | ||||
| TNF-α (pg/mL) | 4.81 (2.72–7.19) | 14.58 (9.48–20.83)*** | 20.24 (13.00–27.29)***,### | < 0.001 |
| OPG (pg/mL) | 181.76 (134 -300.25) | 215.79 (131.99–306.99) | 260.51 (199.38–349.92)***,### | < 0.001 |
| RANK (ng/mL) | 0.61 (0.50–0.77) | 1.15 (0.61–2.43)*** | 0.97 (0.59–1.77)*** | < 0.001 |
| RANKL (pg/mL) | 7.13(5.69–9.76) | 10.14(6.40–19.77)*** | 11.91(6.10–24.65) *** | < 0.001 |
| RANKL/OPG | 0.03 (0.01–0.04) | 0.06 (0.02–0.12) *** | 0.05 (0.02–0.08) *** | < 0.001 |
Data is expressed as Median with interquartile range. Comparison among the groups was done by Kruskalwallis test. *P Value < 0.05; ** P Value < 0.01; *** P Value < 0.001 was considered significant, when comparison is done with control; #P Value < 0.05; ## P Value < 0.01; ### P Value < 0.001 was considered significant, when comparison is done with patients with DM without hypertension. FSG: Fasting serum glucose; HbA1c: Glycated haemoglobin; HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; TC: Total cholesterol; TG: Triglyceride; HDL: High density lipoprotein; LDL: Low density lipoprotein; VLDL: Very low-density lipoprotein; Non HDL-C: Non HDL cholesterol; AIP: Atherogenic index of plasma = log10[TG/ HDL- C]; TNF- α: tumor necrosis factor alpha; OPG: Osteoprotegerin; RANK: Receptor activator of NfkB; RANKL: Receptor activator of NfkB ligand.