Table 1.

Clinical and laboratory features of the different etiologies of acute liver failure

Clinical feature	Etiology of ALF, N = 2,614
	Paracetamol, N = 1,195	Ischemia, N = 181	DILI, N = 283	AI-ALF, N = 173	HBV, N = 188	HAV, N = 39	Pregnant, N = 27	All others, N = 528
Age (median years)	37	53	47	46	45	50	31	40
Gender (% female)	75	58	67	81	45	44	100	64
Jaundice-coma (median days)	1	2	12	16	8	4	7	7
HE grade ≥ 3 (%)	54	56	36	27	51	54	54	44
ALT (median IU/L)	3,780	2,311	654	404	1,410	2,229	43	758
Bilirubin (median mg/dL)	4.3	3.8	19.6	22.8	19.2	12.0	9.0	16.2
Transplanted* (%)	9	2	39	57	40	33	4	36
Transplant-free survival* (%)	65	57	24	14	19	51	78	22
Overall survival* (%)	72	58	58	63	53	77	82	55

Abbreviations: AI, autoimmune; ALF, acute liver failure; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; DILI, drug-induced liver injury; HAV, hepatitis A virus; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HE, hepatic encephalopathy.

Note: Striking differences are seen between the two hyperacute etiologies (paracetamol and ischemia) and all other etiologies in terms of time from onset to failure, liver laboratory values, and outcomes.

^*indicates outcome 21 days after admission for ALF to the study site hospital