Table 2.
Shows the papers on Unique etiologies of Stroke in SEAR.
| Author | Title | Limitations of the study |
|---|---|---|
| Cerebral venous thrombosis | ||
| Abraham J, Rao PS, Inbaraj SG, Shetty G, Jose CJ. | An epidemiological study of hemiplegia due to stroke in South India | In this epidemiological survey, suspected stroke patients were identified through interviews and history by trained field workers. A possible underestimation of the actual number of stroke cases. The etiological classification is not available |
| Bansal BC, Gupta RR, Prakash C. | Stroke during pregnancy and puerperium in young females below the age of 40 years as a result of cerebral venous/venous sinus thrombosis. | This is a case-control study with a small sample size. |
| Aaron S, Lakshmanan J, Sudarsanam TD, et al. | Cerebral venous thrombosis, seasonal trends, and climatic influence: a region-specific study. | This is a single-center observational study and thus cannot be generalized |
| Wasay M, Kaul S, Menon B, et al. | Asian study of cerebral venous thrombosis. | In this study there was a lack of central imaging review, nonuniformity of work-up, and a large number of dropouts at follow-up are major limitations of our study. CVT in children, though common in the region was not studied. |
| Narayan D, Kaul S, Ravishankar K, et al. | Risk factors, clinical profile, and long-term outcome of 428 patients of cerebral sinus venous thrombosis: insights from Nizam’s Institute Venous Stroke Registry, Hyderabad (India) | This is a registry from a single center and thus the findings cannot be representative of a larger, more diverse population |
| Kalita J, Chandra S, Kumar B, Bansal V, Misra UK. | Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis from a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in India | This is a single-center observational study with a small sample size. |
| Poungvarin N, Prayoonwiwat N, Ratanakorn D, et al. | Thai venous stroke prognostic score: TV-SPSS | This is a validation study of a venous stroke prognostic scoring tool |
| Ruuskanen JO, Kytö V, Posti JP, Rautava P, Sipilä JOT. | Cerebral venous thrombosis: Finnish nationwide trends | This is a retrospective study. Patient-level data on risk factors are unavailable. Main discharge diagnosis codes in the registry have been proven valid, but the coding of co-diagnoses is not as complete. |
| Aaron S, Lakshmanan J, Sudarsanam TD, et al. | Cerebral venous thrombosis, seasonal trends, and climatic influence: a region-specific study. | The data does not represent the true incidence or prevalence of CVT in this geographical area. |
| Aaron S, Alexander M, Maya T, et al. | Underlying prothrombotic states in pregnancy associated cerebral venous thrombosis | This study does not have a control group for the evaluation of thrombotic markers. |
| Baby P. | Traditional practice of fluid restriction among patients with puerperium associated cerebral venous thrombosis in rural India | The findings of this study do not ascertain causality between the restriction of fluids and CVT. |
| Das S, Chattopadhyay S, Munsi K, Basu S. | Scrub typhus with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis: a rare presentation. | This is a case report of a rare presentation and thus is not representative of this geographical area |
| Jena SS, Mathew A, Sanjith A, Ajith S, Nair BR, Prakash J. | Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis presentation in severe scrub typhus infection: a rare entity | This is a letter to the editor and is a case report of a rare presentation |
| Krishnan A, Karnad DR, Limaye U, Siddharth W. | Cerebral venous and dural sinus thrombosis in severe falciparum malaria | This is a case series reporting only three patients |
| Niyasom S, Sithinamsuwan P, Udommongkol C, Suwantamee J. | Dural sinus thrombosis in melioidosis: the first case report. | This is a case report and cannot be generalized to the geographic area |
| Korathanakhun P, Petpichetchian W, Sathirapanya P, Geater SL. | Cerebral venous thrombosis: comparing characteristics of infective and non-infective aetiologies: a 12-year retrospective study | This is a single-center study, with the possibility of selection bias towards severe cases. Patient follow-up was just until hospital discharge and thus, there was inadequate data to compare the long-term clinical outcome of infection-associated and non-infection-associated CVT. The retrospective nature of the study also resulted in a non-uniform method of neuroimaging studies. |
| Panagariya A, Maru A. | Cerebral venous thrombosis in pregnancy and puerperium–a prospective study | This is an observational study with a small sample size. |
| Soni N, Kumar S, Shimle A, Ora M, Bathla G, Mishra P. | Cerebrovascular complications in tuberculous meningitis-A magnetic resonance imaging study in 90 patients from a tertiary care hospital. | This is a retrospective study, with observations or selection bias with data from a tertiary care hospital, the absence of any control group, no matching CT evaluation, and the inclusion of descriptive statistics. |
| Tuberculosis | ||
| Fugate JE, Lyons JL, Thakur KT, Smith BR, Hedley-Whyte ET, Mateen FJ. | Infectious causes of stroke | This study emphasizes neurosyphilis and has limited information on stroke etiologies. |
| Wasay M, Khan M, Farooq S, et al. | Frequency and impact of cerebral infarctions in patients with tuberculous meningitis | This is a retrospective observational study. Brain images/angiography is not available in all patients. |
| Hsieh FY, Chia LG, Shen WC. | Locations of cerebral infarctions in tuberculous meningitis | This is an observational study with a small sample size and is thus not representative of the geography. |
| Tai MLS, Viswanathan S, Rahmat K, et al. | Cerebral infarction pattern in tuberculous meningitis | This is a descriptive study, and the findings cannot be extrapolated in other populations. Moreover, only descriptive statistics and chi-square analysis were performed. Another limitation was the absence of a control group. A case-control study may be useful. |
| Dengue | ||
| Sahu R, Verma R, Jain A, et al. | Neurologic complications in dengue virus infection: a prospective cohort study. | This a hospital-based enrolment of participants; patients with asymptomatic or mild dengue fever may not have reported to the health center. |
| Ngwe Tun MM, Muthugala R, Nabeshima T, et al. | Unusual, neurological and severe dengue manifestations during the outbreak in Sri Lanka, 2017 | This study describes all outcomes of dengue and is not stroke-specific |
| Araújo FMC, Araújo MS, Nogueira RMR et al. | Central nervous system involvement in dengue: a study in fatal cases from a dengue endemic area. | This study was not stroke-specific. Cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF), tissue, and blood samples were used to study the outcomes. |
| Kulkarni R, Pujari S, Gupta D. | Neurological manifestations of dengue fever. | All patients with dengue were not investigated and data was not recorded prospectively in a standard proforma. This might have led to some missing or inadequate information such as dengue CSF PCR in those with encephalitis. |
| Carod-Artal FJ, Wichmann O, et al. | Neurological complications of dengue virus infection. | This is not stroke-specific |
| Mathew S, Pandian JD. | Stroke in patients with dengue. | This study was a small case series reporting stroke in a small population of 3 patients |
| Sam JE, Gee TS, Nasser AW. | Deadly intracranial bleed in patients with dengue fever: a series of nine patients and review of literature | This is a small series study. |
| Basnayake BWMKE, Somaratne KGSK, Goonetilleke CU, Tilakaratna PMYI, Ranawaka UK. | Case report: dengue hemorrhagic fever with ischemic stroke | This is a case report. |
| Neurocysticercosis | ||
| Del Brutto OH. | Cysticercosis and cerebrovascular disease: a review | This is an old systematic review paper |
| Snakebite | ||
| Al-Sadawi M, Mohamadpour M, Zhyvotovska A, et al. | Cerebrovascular accident and snake envenomation: a scoping study. | This is a small series study. |
| Gawarammana I, Mendis S, Jeganathan K. | Acute ischemic strokes due to bites by Daboia russelii in Sri Lanka–first authenticated case series | This is not stroke-specific |
| Huang YK, Chen YC, Liu CC, Cheng HC, Tu AT, Chang KC. | Cerebral complications of snakebite envenoming: case studies | This is not stroke-specific |
| Scorpion sting | ||
| Bouaziz M, Bahloul M, Kallel H, et al. | Epidemiological, clinical characteristics and outcome of severe scorpion envenomation in South Tunisia: multivariate analysis of 951 cases. | This is a retrospective study with incomplete or inconsistent information. All patients with scorpion stings were not recruited. |
| Sarkar S, Bhattacharya P, Paswan A. | Cerebrovascular manifestations and alteration of coagulation profile in scorpion sting: a case series | In this study, vasospasm could not be proved by angiography. Protein C, Protein S, and antithrombin III estimation is not available. |
| Udayakumar N, Rajendiran C, Srinivasan AV. | Cerebrovascular manifestations in scorpion sting: a case series | The study is a case series and has a small sample size |
| Godoy DA, Badenes R, Seifi S, et al. | Neurological and systemic manifestations of severe scorpion envenomation | The study covers all neurological manifestations but not stroke-specific. |
| Squatting | ||
| Chakrabarti SD, Ganguly R, Chatterjee SK, Chakravarty A. | Squatting, blood pressure and stroke | The study is a case-control study with a small sample size. |