TABLE 2.

Natural products of Flavonoids modulate NLRP3 protection in UC.

Natural products	Flavonoids
Ingredient/Dose	Baicalein 20 mg/kg; 5–200 µm	TFGU 135 mg/kg	Lonicerin 3, 10, and 30 mg/kg	Formononetin 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg	Oroxindin 12.5, 25, 50 mg/kg; 12.5, 25, and 50 μM	Alpinetin 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg; 50, 100, 200 μg/mL	Procyanidin 10, 20, 40 mg/kg	Kaempferol 50 mg/kg
Chemical name	5,6,7-trihydroxyflavone		3′,4′,5-Trihydroxy-7-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy]flavone	7-Hydroxy-4′-methoxyisoflavone	5-Hydroxy-8-methoxy-4-oxoflav-2-en-7-yl β-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid	(2S)-7-Hydroxy-5-methoxyflavan-4-one		3,4′,5,7-Tetrahydroxyflavone
Chemical formula	C15H10O5		C27H30O15	C16H12O4	C22H20O11	C16H14O4		C15H10O6
Type of cells	LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells		LPS-induced BMDMs and THP-1 cells		LPS-induced THP-1 cells	LPS-induced THP-1 cells	LPS-induced THP-1 cells
Model of UC	TNBS-induced colitis mice	Irinotecan induced colitis mice	DSS-induced UC mice	DSS-induced UC mice	DSS-induced UC mice	DSS-induced UC mice	DSS-induced UC mice	DSS-induced UC mice
Route of administration	Oral	Intraperitoneal injection	Oral	Oral	Oral	Intraperitoneal injection	Oral	Oral
Mechanism	iNOS, ICAM-1, MCP-1, COX-2, TNF-α,IL-1β, TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB p65, p-p65, IκBα, p-IκBα, p-38, p-p38, NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1↓	TNF-α, IL-6 IL-1β, NLRP3, caspase-1↓ Regulating intestinal flora	IL-1β, IL-18, NLRP3, caspase-1↓	IL-1β, IL-18, NLRP3, caspase-1↓	IL-1β, IL-18, NLRP3, caspase-1↓ TXNIP↑	IL-1β, IL-18, ASC, NLRP3, caspase-1, TLR4, p-P65, p-IκB↓	MMP9, IL-1β, IL-18, ASC, NLRP3, caspase-1↓	ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-1, IL-1b, IL-6, and TNF-a, NLRP3, caspase-1↓ TLR4-NF-κB signaling↓
References	Luo et al. (2017)	Yue et al. (2021)	Lv et al. (2021)	Wu et al. (2018)	Liu et al. (2020)	He et al. (2016)	Chen et al. (2017)	Qu et al. (2021)