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. 2023 Aug 8;109(4):552–565. doi: 10.1093/biolre/ioad091

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Effect of phthalate mixture exposure on cAMP levels and PKA activity. Human granulosa cells from in vitro fertilization patients were treated with DMSO (vehicle control) or phthalate mixture (PHTmix; 100–500 μg/ml) for 48 h prior to hCG treatment. Following 48 h, the cells were treated with or without hCG and with or without PHTmix. Cells were collected 30 min following hCG treatment to measure cAMP levels (A) and PKA activity (B) via ELISAs. Values are presented as a percent change relative to the hCG alone control group. Graphs represent mean ± SEM. Bars that do not share a letter designation are significantly different (n = 5–8 patients/group, p ≤ 0.05).