Table 1.
Variable | Without obesity |
With obesity |
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No NAFLD | NAFLD | P-value | No NAFLD | NAFLD | P-value | ||
Number (%) | 3,286 (44.0) | 1,278 (17.1) | 1,046 (14.0) | 1,860 (24.8) | |||
Age (yr) | 54.2±9.4 | 54.1±8.4 | 0.650 | 54.0±9.4 | 52.3±9.0** | <0.001 | |
Height (cm) | 170.4±5.7 | 170.3±5.5 | 0.660 | 170.4±5.9 | 170.9±5.8* | 0.026 | |
Weight (kg) | 65.0±6.7 | 68.2±5.5 | <0.001 | 76.9±7.0** | 80.3±9.1** | <0.001 | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 22.4±1.7 | 23.5±1.1 | <0.001 | 26.5±1.4** | 27.5±2.2** | <0.001 | |
Waist (cm) | 81.6±5.7 | 85.9±4.2 | <0.001 | 91.2±5.3** | 94.6±6.3** | <0.001 | |
PBF (%) | 18.5±4.2 | 21.6±3.5 | <0.001 | 23.9±4.1* | 25.9±4.5** | <0.001 | |
ASM (kg) | 22.6±2.7 | 22.8±2.5 | 0.170 | 24.8±2.7** | 25.2±3.0** | <0.001 | |
ASM/height (kg/m2) | 7.77±0.59 | 7.82±0.49 | 0.005 | 8.53±0.51** | 8.62±0.59** | <0.001 | |
ASM/weight (%) | 34.8±2.4 | 33.4±1.9 | <0.001 | 32.3±1.8** | 31.5±2.0** | <0.001 | |
ASM/BMI | 1.01±0.12 | 0.97±0.10 | <0.001 | 0.94±0.10** | 0.92±0.10** | <0.001 | |
Fat measurements by CT | |||||||
Subcutaneous fat area (cm2) | 97.6±34.1 | 113.9±26.8 | <0.001 | 145.4±41.3** | 161.6±53.8** | <0.001 | |
VFA (cm2) | 89.5 (57.4, 119.6) | 136.9 (112.2, 164.3) | <0.001 | 149.8 (119.7, 184.5)** | 182.6 (153.4, 221.8)** | <0.001 | |
VFA/height (cm2/m2) | 30.5 (19.7, 41.8) | 46.9 (38.5, 56.9) | <0.001 | 51.6 (41.1, 63.8)** | 63.2 (52.4, 76.0)** | <0.001 | |
VFA/weight (cm2/kg) | 1.36 (0.91, 1.80) | 1.99 (1.64, 2.41) | <0.001 | 1.96 (1.56, 2.41) | 2.31 (1.95, 2.76)** | <0.001 | |
VFA/BMI | 3.95 (2.63, 5.19) | 5.79 (4.80, 6.97) | <0.001 | 5.67 (4.53, 7.02) | 6.74 (5.70, 7.96)** | <0.001 | |
VSR | 0.88 (0.65, 1.16) | 1.19 (0.96, 1.53) | <0.001 | 1.06 (0.81, 1.36)** | 1.20 (0.93, 1.53) | <0.001 | |
Muscle measurements by CT | |||||||
TAMA (cm2) | 156.9±18.7 | 160.4±16.1 | <0.001 | 178.9±19.8** | 183.7±20.7** | <0.001 | |
TAMA/height (cm2/m2) | 54.1±6.0 | 55.3±5.2 | <0.001 | 61.6±6.0** | 62.9±6.5** | <0.001 | |
TAMA/weight (cm2/kg) | 2.42±0.22 | 2.38±0.19 | <0.001 | 2.33±0.22* | 2.30±0.19* | <0.001 | |
TAMA/BMI | 7.02±0.69 | 6.83±0.62 | <0.001 | 6.76±0.69* | 6.70±0.66* | 0.016 | |
SMA (cm2) | 152.4±18.5 | 155.3±16.1 | <0.001 | 172.5±20.0** | 176.8±20.2** | <0.001 | |
SMA/height (cm2/m2) | 52.5±6.0 | 53.6±5.2 | <0.001 | 59.4±6.2** | 60.5±6.4** | <0.001 | |
SMA/weight (cm2/kg) | 2.35±0.22 | 2.28±0.19 | <0.001 | 2.25±0.23** | 2.21±0.22* | <0.001 | |
SMA/BMI | 6.82±0.71 | 6.62±0.62 | <0.001 | 6.52±0.71* | 2.22±0.22* | 0.009 | |
NAMA (cm2) | 125.5±19.6 | 126.1±18.3 | 0.370 | 135.0±22.7** | 138.3±22.1** | <0.001 | |
NAMA/height (cm2/m2) | 43.2±6.5 | 43.5±6.1 | 0.250 | 46.5±7.6** | 47.4±7.4** | 0.003 | |
NAMA/weight (cm2/kg) | 1.94±0.28 | 1.85±0.25 | <0.001 | 1.76±0.29** | 1.73±0.29** | 0.000 | |
NAMA/BMI | 5.62±0.86 | 5.37±0.76 | <0.001 | 5.11±0.86** | 5.06±0.84** | 0.120 | |
IMAT (cm2) | 3.5 (2.2, 5.6) | 4.0 (2.6, 6.4) | <0.001 | 5.1 (3.3, 8.2)** | 5.3 (3.5, 8.5)** | 0.130 | |
LAMA (cm2) | 25.8 (20.6, 31.8) | 28.0 (23.3, 34.0) | <0.001 | 35.6 (29.1, 43.5)** | 36.3 (29.7, 44.5)** | 0.068 | |
NAMA/TAMA index | 79.6±7.1 | 78.4±6.8 | <0.001 | 75.3±8.1** | 75.2±8.3** | 0.850 | |
FLI | 17.8±12.7 | 31.6±15.7 | <0.001 | 41.3±18.2** | 56.6±19.4** | <0.001 | |
FIB-4 | - | 1.18 (0.90, 1.50) | - | 1.15 (0.89, 1.48) | 0.114 | ||
FIB-4 >2.67 (%) | - | 2.0 | - | 1.8 | 0.791 |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or median (interquartile range).
NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; BMI, body mass index; PBF, percent body fat; ASM, appendicular skeletal muscle mass; CT, computed tomography; VFA, visceral fat area; VSR, visceral to subcutaneous fat ratio; TAMA, total abdominal muscle area; SMA, skeletal muscle area; IMAT, inter/intra-muscular adipose tissue; LAMA, low attenuation muscle area; NAMA, normal attenuation muscle area; NAMA,TAMA index=(NAMA/TAMA)×100; FLI, fatty liver index; FIB-4, fibrosis-4 index.
P-values represent the comparison between the groups with and without NAFLD by paired t-test or Mann–Whitney U-test for continuous variables and by chi-square test for categorical variables. Asterisk (*) denotes comparison vs. NAFLD without obesity group (*P<0.05; **P<0.001).