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. 2023 Jul 5;29(4):987–1001. doi: 10.3350/cmh.2023.0035

Table 1.

Comparison of CT measurements between those with NAFLD and those without according to the presence of obesity in men

Variable Without obesity
With obesity
No NAFLD NAFLD P-value No NAFLD NAFLD P-value
Number (%) 3,286 (44.0) 1,278 (17.1) 1,046 (14.0) 1,860 (24.8)
Age (yr) 54.2±9.4 54.1±8.4 0.650 54.0±9.4 52.3±9.0** <0.001
Height (cm) 170.4±5.7 170.3±5.5 0.660 170.4±5.9 170.9±5.8* 0.026
Weight (kg) 65.0±6.7 68.2±5.5 <0.001 76.9±7.0** 80.3±9.1** <0.001
BMI (kg/m2) 22.4±1.7 23.5±1.1 <0.001 26.5±1.4** 27.5±2.2** <0.001
Waist (cm) 81.6±5.7 85.9±4.2 <0.001 91.2±5.3** 94.6±6.3** <0.001
PBF (%) 18.5±4.2 21.6±3.5 <0.001 23.9±4.1* 25.9±4.5** <0.001
ASM (kg) 22.6±2.7 22.8±2.5 0.170 24.8±2.7** 25.2±3.0** <0.001
ASM/height (kg/m2) 7.77±0.59 7.82±0.49 0.005 8.53±0.51** 8.62±0.59** <0.001
ASM/weight (%) 34.8±2.4 33.4±1.9 <0.001 32.3±1.8** 31.5±2.0** <0.001
ASM/BMI 1.01±0.12 0.97±0.10 <0.001 0.94±0.10** 0.92±0.10** <0.001
Fat measurements by CT
Subcutaneous fat area (cm2) 97.6±34.1 113.9±26.8 <0.001 145.4±41.3** 161.6±53.8** <0.001
VFA (cm2) 89.5 (57.4, 119.6) 136.9 (112.2, 164.3) <0.001 149.8 (119.7, 184.5)** 182.6 (153.4, 221.8)** <0.001
VFA/height (cm2/m2) 30.5 (19.7, 41.8) 46.9 (38.5, 56.9) <0.001 51.6 (41.1, 63.8)** 63.2 (52.4, 76.0)** <0.001
VFA/weight (cm2/kg) 1.36 (0.91, 1.80) 1.99 (1.64, 2.41) <0.001 1.96 (1.56, 2.41) 2.31 (1.95, 2.76)** <0.001
VFA/BMI 3.95 (2.63, 5.19) 5.79 (4.80, 6.97) <0.001 5.67 (4.53, 7.02) 6.74 (5.70, 7.96)** <0.001
VSR 0.88 (0.65, 1.16) 1.19 (0.96, 1.53) <0.001 1.06 (0.81, 1.36)** 1.20 (0.93, 1.53) <0.001
Muscle measurements by CT
TAMA (cm2) 156.9±18.7 160.4±16.1 <0.001 178.9±19.8** 183.7±20.7** <0.001
TAMA/height (cm2/m2) 54.1±6.0 55.3±5.2 <0.001 61.6±6.0** 62.9±6.5** <0.001
TAMA/weight (cm2/kg) 2.42±0.22 2.38±0.19 <0.001 2.33±0.22* 2.30±0.19* <0.001
TAMA/BMI 7.02±0.69 6.83±0.62 <0.001 6.76±0.69* 6.70±0.66* 0.016
SMA (cm2) 152.4±18.5 155.3±16.1 <0.001 172.5±20.0** 176.8±20.2** <0.001
SMA/height (cm2/m2) 52.5±6.0 53.6±5.2 <0.001 59.4±6.2** 60.5±6.4** <0.001
SMA/weight (cm2/kg) 2.35±0.22 2.28±0.19 <0.001 2.25±0.23** 2.21±0.22* <0.001
SMA/BMI 6.82±0.71 6.62±0.62 <0.001 6.52±0.71* 2.22±0.22* 0.009
NAMA (cm2) 125.5±19.6 126.1±18.3 0.370 135.0±22.7** 138.3±22.1** <0.001
NAMA/height (cm2/m2) 43.2±6.5 43.5±6.1 0.250 46.5±7.6** 47.4±7.4** 0.003
NAMA/weight (cm2/kg) 1.94±0.28 1.85±0.25 <0.001 1.76±0.29** 1.73±0.29** 0.000
NAMA/BMI 5.62±0.86 5.37±0.76 <0.001 5.11±0.86** 5.06±0.84** 0.120
IMAT (cm2) 3.5 (2.2, 5.6) 4.0 (2.6, 6.4) <0.001 5.1 (3.3, 8.2)** 5.3 (3.5, 8.5)** 0.130
LAMA (cm2) 25.8 (20.6, 31.8) 28.0 (23.3, 34.0) <0.001 35.6 (29.1, 43.5)** 36.3 (29.7, 44.5)** 0.068
NAMA/TAMA index 79.6±7.1 78.4±6.8 <0.001 75.3±8.1** 75.2±8.3** 0.850
FLI 17.8±12.7 31.6±15.7 <0.001 41.3±18.2** 56.6±19.4** <0.001
FIB-4 - 1.18 (0.90, 1.50) - 1.15 (0.89, 1.48) 0.114
FIB-4 >2.67 (%) - 2.0 - 1.8 0.791

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or median (interquartile range).

NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; BMI, body mass index; PBF, percent body fat; ASM, appendicular skeletal muscle mass; CT, computed tomography; VFA, visceral fat area; VSR, visceral to subcutaneous fat ratio; TAMA, total abdominal muscle area; SMA, skeletal muscle area; IMAT, inter/intra-muscular adipose tissue; LAMA, low attenuation muscle area; NAMA, normal attenuation muscle area; NAMA,TAMA index=(NAMA/TAMA)×100; FLI, fatty liver index; FIB-4, fibrosis-4 index.

P-values represent the comparison between the groups with and without NAFLD by paired t-test or Mann–Whitney U-test for continuous variables and by chi-square test for categorical variables. Asterisk (*) denotes comparison vs. NAFLD without obesity group (*P<0.05; **P<0.001).