Table 3.
Association between baseline features and time to reaching a progression milestone in PPMI de novo PD cohort
| Screening Analysis | Multivariable Analysis | |||
| Baseline Predictor | HR (90% CI) | p | HR (95% CI) | p |
| Demographics | ||||
| Age (per 5-year increase) | 1.25 (1.16, 1.35) | <0.0001 | 1.25 (1.13, 1.38) | <0.0001 |
| Sex (male vs. female) | 0.96 (0.73, 1.26) | 0.8074 | 0.80 (0.58, 1.12) | 0.1996 |
| Clinical site (non-US vs. US) | — | 0.7010 | Not Included | |
| Body mass index | — | 0.6006 | Not Included | |
| Orthostatic systolic blood pressure change | — | 0.9589 | Not Included | |
| Motor features and overall disability | ||||
| Disease duration | — | 0.2087 | Not Included | |
| MDS-UPDRS total score (per 5-unit increase) | 1.23 (1.18, 1.30) | <0.0001 | 1.18 (1.11, 1.26) | <0.0001 |
| Hoehn &Yahr stage (stage 2-3 vs. stage 1) | 1.52 (1.17, 1.98) | 0.0084 | Not Included | |
| PIGD score (per 0.1-unit decrease) | 1.19 (1.13, 1.25) | <0.0001 | Not Included | |
| Tremor score | — | 0.1286 | Not Included | |
| Schwab &England (per 10-unit decrease) | 1.49 (1.20, 1.85) | 0.0024 | — | N.S. |
| PD medication use (yes vs. no)* | 1.06 (0.71, 1.60) | 0.8075 | 0.69 (0.41, 1.16) | 0.1639 |
| Non-motor features | ||||
| MoCA (per 1-unit decrease) | 1.10 (1.04, 1.17) | 0.0048 | — | N.S. |
| SCOPA-AUT | 1.08 (1.06, 1.10) | <0.0001 | — | N.S. |
| UPSIT (anosmia vs. other) | — | 0.1232 | Not Included | |
| UPSIT raw score (per 1-unit decrease) | — | 0.3262 | Not Included | |
| Epworth Sleepiness Scale | 1.08 (1.04, 1.12) | 0.0003 | — | N.S. |
| REM Sleep Behavior Disorder Screening Questionnaire | 1.11 (1.06, 1.16) | <0.0001 | — | N.S. |
| Geriatric Depression Scale (15-item) | 1.10 (1.05, 1.15) | 0.0004 | 1.07 (1.01, 1.14) | 0.0341 |
| State-Trait Anxiety Inventory total score | 1.01 (1.00, 1.02) | 0.0120 | — | N.S. |
| Biomarkers | ||||
| DAT-SPECT mean striatum SBR (per 0.1-unit decrease) | 1.11 (1.08, 1.15) | <0.0001 | 1.07 (1.02, 1.12) | 0.0043 |
| DAT-SPECT mean putamen SBR (per 0.1-unit decrease) | 1.11 (1.06, 1.17) | 0.0006 | Not Included | |
| CSF Aβ1 - 42 (per decile decrease) | 1.08 (1.03, 1.13) | 0.0055 | Not Included | |
| CSF t-tau | — | 0.1965 | Not Included | |
| CSF p-tau | — | 0.2705 | Not Included | |
| CSF t-tau/Aβ1 - 42 (per decile increase) | 1.07 (1.03, 1.12) | 0.0106 | — | N.S. |
| CSF t-tau/Aβ1 - 42 (>0.222 vs. <0.222) | 1.47 (1.10, 1.98) | 0.0307 | Not Included | |
| CSF α-synuclein (per decile decrease) | 1.07 (1.03, 1.12) | 0.0097 | 1.09 (1.03, 1.15) | 0.0030 |
| CSF α-synuclein [Hb <200] (per decile decrease) | 1.10 (1.05, 1.16) | 0.0011 | Not Included | |
| Serum urate | — | 0.6648 | Not Included | |
Reflects data collected at the first five annual follow-up visits only. Multivariable analyses forced sex and initiation of PD medication into the final model. Unless otherwise indicated, hazard ratios for continuous variables were derived in terms of a 1-unit increase. *Time-dependent covariate. CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; DAT-SPECT, dopamine transporter single photon emission computed tomography; Hb, hemoglobin; HR, hazard ratio; MDS-UPDRS, Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; PIGD, postural instability/gait difficulty; SBR, specific binding ratio; SCOPA-AUT, Scales for Outcomes in Parkinson’s Disease-Autonomic; UPSIT, University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test.