Table 1.
Sample Descriptives
| Entire sample (nb = 331; nf = 278) |
Racial minority (nb = 101; nf = 82) |
White (nb = 230; nf = 196) |
Women (nb = 167; nf = 143) |
Men (nb = 164; nf = 135) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) or M (SD) | n (%) or M (SD) | n (%) or M (SD) | n (%) or M (SD) | n (%) or M (SD) | |
| Race | |||||
| Asian | 15 (4.5) | 5 (3.0) | 10 (6.1) | ||
| Black or African American | 80 (24.2) | 46 (27.5) | 34 (20.7) | ||
| Indigenous or Native American | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||
| White | 230 (69.5) | 113 (67.7) | 117 (71.3) | ||
| Bi- or Multi-racial | 3 (0.9) | 1 (0.6) | 2 (1.2) | ||
| Other race | 3 (0.9) | 2 (1.2) | 1 (0.6) | ||
| Female sex assigned at birth | 167 (50.5) | 54 (53.5) | 113 (49.1) | ||
| Age (baseline) | 40.24 (6.24) | 40.45 (6.08) | 40.14 (6.31) | 40.81 (6.17) | 39.65 (6.27) |
| BMI (kg/m2; baseline) | 26.88 (5.05) | 28.12 (5.78) | 26.33 (4.60) | 27.09 (5.85) | 26.65 (4.08) |
| BMI (kg/m2; follow-up) | 26.60 (5.23) | 28.88 (6.18) | 26.94 (4.69) | 27.89 (5.83) | 27.12 (4.51) |
| Change in BMI | 0.42 (1.92) | 0.39 (2.14) | 0.43 (1.83) | 0.65 (2.11) | 0.45 (1.71) |
| Smoker (current or prior) | 124 (37.5) | 51 (50.5) | 73 (31.7) | 72 (43.1) | 52 (31.7) |
| Time between visits (in years) | 2.86 (0.59) | 2.82 (0.53) | 2.88 (0.61) | 2.84 (0.45) | 2.88 (0.70) |
| SES and SSS (baseline) | |||||
| Educational attainment | |||||
| Less than high school | 2 (0.6) | 2 (2.0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (1.2) |
| High school degree or equivalent | 25 (7.6) | 13 (12.8) | 12 (5.2) | 14 (8.4) | 11 (6.7) |
| Technical or vocational training | 9 (2.7) | 3 (3.0) | 6 (2.6) | 6 (3.6) | 3 (1.8) |
| Some college (no degree) | 51 (15.4) | 22 (21.8) | 29 (12.6) | 22 (13.2) | 29 (17.7) |
| Associate’s degree | 44 (13.3) | 18 (17.8) | 26 (11.3) | 28 (16.8) | 16 (9.8) |
| Bachelor’s degree | 99 (29.9) | 17 (16.8) | 82 (35.7) | 47 (28.1) | 52 (31.7) |
| Master’s degree | 68 (20.5) | 17 (16.8) | 51 (22.2) | 39 (23.4) | 29 (17.7) |
| Doctoral degree | 33 (10) | 9 (8.9) | 24 (10.4) | 11 (6.6) | 22 (13.4) |
| Family-adjusted income | $45,994 ($30,342) | $35,044 ($30,158) | $50,715 ($29,244) | $42,252 ($27,883) | $49,830 ($32,311) |
| SSSUS | 4.41 (1.64) | 3.81 (1.73) | 4.67 (1.53) | 4.32 (1.51) | 4.49 (1.76) |
| SSSC | 5.07 (1.65) | 5.01 (1.69) | 5.10 (1.63) | 5.09 (1.61) | 5.05 (1.68) |
| SES and SSS (follow-up) | |||||
| Family-adjusted income | $53,712 ($33,090) | $36,380 ($28,816) | $60,970 ($32,114) | $48,622 (29,415) | $59,071 (35,901) |
| SSSUS | 4.64 (1.66) | 4.05 (1.81) | 4.89 (1.53) | 4.47 (1.54) | 4.82 (1.76) |
| SSSC | 5.09 (1.65) | 4.84 (1.75) | 5.20 (1.60) | 5.03 (1.64) | 5.16 (1.66) |
| Change in family-adjusted income | $6,319 ($20,481) | $950 ($21,798) | $8,559 ($19,533) | $5,049 ($19,813) | $7,657 ($21,157) |
| Change in SSSUS | 0.15 (1.34) | 0.10 (1.37) | 0.17 (1.34) | 0.09 (1.29) | 0.21 (1.40) |
| Change in SSSC | −0.01 (1.60) | −0.22 (1.73) | 0.07 (1.54) | −0.13 (1.51) | 0.10 (1.68) |
| Depressive symptoms (baseline) | 3.35 (3.38) | 3.59 (3.32) | 3.24 (3.40) | 3.30 (2.92) | 3.40 (3.79) |
| Depressive symptoms (follow-up) | 4.47 (4.84) | 5.12 (5.94) | 4.19 (4.29) | 4.91 (4.94) | 4.00 (4.70) |
| Change in depressive symptoms | 1.12 (4.14) | 1.14 (5.04) | 0.99 (3.71) | 1.50 (4.34) | 0.72 (3.89) |
| Hopelessness (baseline) | 1.38 (1.75) | 1.59 (1.75) | 1.28 (1.64) | 1.29 (1.69) | 1.47 (1.81) |
| Hopelessness (follow-up) | 1.32 (1.74) | 1.48 (1.97) | 1.26 (1.63) | 1.17 (1.57) | 1.48 (1.89) |
| Change in hopelessness | −0.04 (1.86) | −0.15 (2.49) | 0.01 (1.53) | −0.15 (1.77) | 0.09 (1.95) |
| IL-6 (baseline, pg/mL, raw) | 1.50 (1.22) | 1.70 (1.52) | 1.40 (1.06) | 1.53 (1.33) | 1.45 (1.12) |
| IL-6 (follow-up, pg/mL, raw) | 1.88 (1.24) | 2.44 (1.51) | 1.65 (1.02) | 1.89 (1.13) | 1.87 (1.34) |
| Change in IL-6 (log) | 0.00 (0.58) | 0.02 (0.66) | −0.01 (0.55) | −0.01 (0.56) | 0.01 (0.66) |
| CRP (baseline, mg/L, raw) | 0.24 (0.38) | 0.32 (0.55) | 0.21 (0.28) | 0.28 (0.38) | 0.21 (0.38) |
| CRP (follow-up, mg/L, raw) | 0.29 (0.46) | 0.41 (0.60) | 0.24 (0.38) | 0.35 (0.47) | 0.23 (0.44) |
| Change in CRP (log) | 0.11 (0.91) | 0.19 (1.00) | 0.07 (0.87) | 0.07 (0.90) | 0.15 (0.92) |
b baseline; BMI body mass index; CRP C-reactive protein; f follow-up; IL-6 interleukin-6; M mean; SD standard deviation; SES socioeconomic status; SSSC subjective social status relative to others in the participant’s community; SSSUS subjective social status relative to others in the USA. Family-adjusted income was calculated as the midpoint of annual family income divided by the cubed root of the number of people living in the household. Prior to fitting multiple regression models, IL-6 at both visits was log-transformed and a change score was calculated by subtracting log-transformed IL-6 at baseline from log-transformed IL-6 at follow-up.