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. 2023 Aug 7;57(11):951–964. doi: 10.1093/abm/kaad044

Table 4.

Results of Multiple Linear Regression Analyses Examining Independent Associations Between Subjective Social Status and Multiyear Changes in Interleukin-6 Using the U.S. Ladder

Effects of SSSUS independent of objective measures of SES Independent effects of SSSUS + hopelessness Independent effects of SSSUS + depressive symptoms
B SE β p B SE β p B SE β p
Change in IL-6 from baseline to follow-up
 Intercept 0.232 0.159 .146 0.227 0.160 .157 0.225 0.161 .163
 IL-6 (log; baseline) −0.907 0.025 −0.953 <.001 −0.908 0.025 −0.954 <.001 −0.907 0.025 −0.953 <.001
 Years between visits −0.070 0.027 −0.063 .010 −0.070 0.027 −0.063 .010 −0.070 0.027 −0.063 .010
 Female sex −0.004 0.028 −0.004 .878 −0.003 0.029 −0.002 .924 −0.004 0.029 −0.004 .882
 Racial minority 0.083 0.033 0.064 .012 0.084 0.033 0.065 .012 0.084 0.033 0.065 .012
 Age 0.001 0.002 0.006 .818 0.000 0.002 0.005 .841 0.001 0.002 0.005 .826
 Body mass index 0.007 0.003 0.058 .027 0.007 0.003 0.059 .027 0.007 0.003 0.058 .026
 Tobacco smoker −0.008 0.032 −0.006 .806 −0.009 0.032 −0.007 .788 −0.010 0.032 −0.008 .758
 SSSUS −0.021 0.011 −0.057 .047* −0.021 0.011 −0.056 .055 −0.021 0.011 −0.055 .057
 HS degree, equivalent or less 0.116 0.062 0.051 .062 0.114 0.063 0.050 .073 0.116 0.062 0.051 .063
 Some college or Associate’s degree 0.033 0.040 0.026 .406 0.031 0.040 0.024 .437 0.032 0.040 0.025 .426
 Bachelor’s degree (referent)
 Master’s degree −0.043 0.036 −0.034 .236 −0.043 0.036 −0.034 .231 −0.043 0.036 −0.034 .233
 Family-adjusted income <0.001 0.000 0.013 .659 0.000 0.000 0.013 .653 0.000 0.000 0.013 .649
 Hopelessness 0.002 0.008 0.006 .797
 Depressive symptoms 0.001 0.003 0.008 .744
Model fit R 2 = 0.866, adjusted R2 = 0.860 R 2 = 0.866, adjusted R2 = 0.860 R 2 = 0.866, adjusted R2 = 0.860

B unstandardized beta coefficient; IL-6 interleukin-6; SE standard error; SES socioeconomic status; SSSUS subjective social status relative to others in the USA; β standardized beta coefficient. Family-adjusted income was calculated as the midpoint of annual family income divided by the cubed root of the number of people living in the household.

* p < .05 for association between SSSUS and change in IL-6.