Table 3.

Correlation between observationally induced placebo and nocebo effects and empathy ratings.

IRI subscale	Correlation coefficient	95% CI	P
EC	0.14	0.01; 0.27	0.0341
PT	0.04	−0.11; 0.18	0.5684
PD	0.08	−0.07; 0.21	0.2398
F	0.08	−0.01; 0.17	0.0680

Empathy results are based meta-correlations calculated for 8 studies: Bajcar et al., 2020,⁷ Colloca and Benedetti, 2009,²¹ Raghuraman et al., 2019,⁵⁶ Świder and Bąbel, 2013⁶⁵ and 2016,⁶⁶ Vögtle et al., 2013,⁶⁹ 2016,⁷⁰ and 2019.⁷¹

95% CI, 95% confidence interval; EC, empathic concern; F, fantasy; IRI, interpersonal reactivity index; PD, personal distress; PT, perspective taking.