Fig 1. Psychophysical task paradigm and intracranial recording locations.

(A) Pain stimuli of varying intensity were applied to the hand’s palmar surface in patients with intracranial electrodes. The intensity of the stimulus was adjusted in each trial. One trial constituted having the hand on the stimulus for 10 seconds (top left). The patient removed their hand from the device (top right). After removing their hand, the patient responded to the question, "Was that painful?" on the touchscreen monitor (bottom left). After answering "yes" or "no," the patient filled out how painful, hot, or cold the stimulus felt on a scale of 0–10 (bottom right). After submitting their answers, the stimulus was adjusted, and the sequence was repeated. (B) A wide array of neural structures were sampled. Electrode locations for all 20 patients are shown according to the coordinates in MNI space. We analyzed electrodes within a known gray matter location of the Brainnetome Atlas. The electrode location also had at least three unique patients representing it within the GLME models. Electrode locations were colored according to the region of interest. While this figure shows electrode locations as right and left, we did not distinguish lateralization within the analysis.