Table 3.
The changes in cytokine concentrations for different glucose concentrations.
| Figure number and title | Hypoglycemia | Normoglycemia | Hyperglycemia | Main findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4. Mean values of cytokine concentrations (pg/ml) in BC, 24 h after different glucose concentrations applied in MC | Higher concentrations of GM-CSF, IL-17A and IL-12 (p<0.05) comparing to normoglycemia | NS | Higher concentrations of GM-CSF, TNF-α, INF-γ and IL-12 (p<0.05) comparing to normoglycemia | Hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia can lead to neuro-inflammation |
| 5. Mean values of cytokine concentrations (pg/ml) in BC in 12 h after LPS has been added to BC. In comparison – concentrations of the same cytokines in LPS-free conditions | The cytokine concentrations did not increase significantly (p>0.05) | The cytokine concentrations did not increase significantly (p>0.05) | The cytokine concentrations did not increase significantly (p>0.05) | The inflammatory effect of LPS could not be observed as early as 12 hours after its administration |
| 6. Mean values of cytokine concentrations (pg/ml) in BC 36 h after administration of LPS compared to 12 h after LPS administration | The concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines increased [IL-12, INF-γ, TNF-α (p<0.05)], [GM-CSF, IL-17A (p<0.02)] and the concentration of anti-inflammatory cytokine decreased (IL-10) (p<0.02) | The concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines increased [IL-12, INF-γ, TNF-α (p<0.05)], [GM-CSF, IL-17A (p<0.02)] and the concentration of anti-inflammatory cytokine decreased (IL-10) (p<0.05) | The concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines increased [IL-12, INF-γ, TNF-α, GM-CSF (p<0.05)], [IL-17A (p<0.02)] and the concentration of anti-inflammatory cytokine decreased (IL-10) (p<0.05) | The inflammatory effect of LPS was observed 36 hours after its administration |
| 8. Mean values of cytokine concentrations in BC (pg/ml), 36 h after administration of LPS and 24 h after addition of RSV to MC | RSV reduced the level of GM-CSF and TNF-α (p<0.05) | RSV reduced the level of all studied cytokines (p<0.05), more than in other groups | RSV reduced the level of GM-CSF, INF-γ, IL-17A and IL-12 (p<0.05) | In the normoglycemia the anti-inflammatory effect of RSV was the greatest |
| 9. Mean RSV concentrations (ng/ml) in the BC 12 and 24 h after RSV addition to the MC | Reduced ability of RSV to penetrate the BBB (p<0.02) comparing to normoglycemia | Concentration of RSV remained at the highest level, significantly higher than in the other groups (p<0.02) | Reduced ability of RSV to penetrate the BBB (p<0.02), comparing to normoglycemia | Hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia lead to decreased RSV penetration through the BBB, compared to normoglycemia |
BBB – blood–brain barrier; BC – brain compartment; LPS – lipopolysaccharide; MC – microvascular compartment; NS – not significant; RSV – resveratrol.