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. 2023 Oct 13;102(41):e35583. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000035583

Table 1.

ADHD and control group differences in sociodemographic, personality, attention network effects and cognitive flexibility.

ADHD group (n = 55) Control group (n = 40) χ2/t P
Age (yr) 8.84 ± 1.10 8.98 ± 1.00 −0.629 .531
Sex 9.481 .004
 Girls 11 (11.6%) 20 (21.1%)
 Boys 44 (46.3%) 20 (21.1%)
 Grade 2.91 ± 0.84 2.98 ± 1.00 −0.347 .729
 FSIQ 102.38 ± 14.31 106.78 ± 8.43 −1.863 .066
SNAP-IV
 IA 18.51 ± 4.71 7.40 ± 3.82 12.256 <.001
 H/I 13.87 ± 6.16 5.40 ± 2.67 9.097 <.001
Oppositional 9.15 ± 4.92 5.43 ± 1.81 5.150 <.001
EPQ
 P 4.07 ± 2.27 4.28 ± 3.03 −0.356 .723
 E 16.25 ± 4.66 15.08 ± 4.8 1.203 .232
 N 10.15 ± 4.61 8.40 ± 3.34 2.036 .035
ANT (ms)
 Alerting 26.44 ± 36.95 59.23 ± 35.61 −4.335 <.001
 Orienting 49.78 ± 55.01 69.17 ± 43.88 −1.909 .059
 Conflict 78.84 ± 62.68 75.64 ± 65.10 0.241 .810
WCST
 PR 37.53 ± 16.85 26.55 ± 16.48 3.164 .002
 PRE 34.98 ± 16.57 22.83 ± 14.98 3.674 <.001
 CC 3.38 ± 1.69 4.58 ± 1.74 −3.353 .001

ADHD = attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ANT = attention network test, CC = number of categories completed, EPQ-E = Eysenck personality questionnaires-extraversion, EPQ-N = Eysenck personality questionnaires-neuroticism, EPQ-P = Eysenck personality questionnaires-psychoticism, FSIQ = full-scale intelligence quotient, H/I = hyperactivity/impulsivity, IA = inattention, PR = perseverative responses, PRE = perseverative errors, SNAP-IV = Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham, Version IV Scale, WCST = Wisconsin card sorting test.