. 2023 Oct 13;102(41):e35521. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000035521

Table 5.

Biomarkers.

Parameters	Group	Day 0 (mean ± SD)	Day 60 (mean ± SD)	Mean diff.	Group mean diff, 95% CI	P value
Salivary Cortisol (Morning) nmol/L	Placebo	20.34 ± 5.92	21.46 ± 6.12	1.12 ± 0.93	3.69 (0.84–6.55)	.032
Salivary Cortisol (Morning) nmol/L	Active	23.6 ± 4.86	21.02 ± 3.64^*	−2.58 ± 1.05	3.69 (0.84–6.55)	.032
Salivary Cortisol (Evening) nmol/L	Placebo	2.28 ± 0.57	2.19 ± 0.64	−0.08 ± 0.08	0.36 (−0.14 to 0.87)	.31
Salivary Cortisol (Evening) nmol/L	Active	2.63 ± 1.66	2.18 ± 0.77^*	−0.44 ± 0.23	0.36 (−0.14 to 0.87)	.31
Urinary Serotonin µg/g of creatinine	Placebo	49.10 ± 11.23	48.27 ± 22.15	−0.78 ± 3.78	−14.19 (−26.24 to −2.14)	.028
Urinary Serotonin µg/g of creatinine	Active	40.43 ± 13.26	53.83 ± 23.80^*	13.40 ± 4.62	−14.19 (−26.24 to −2.14)	.028
Urinary Dopamine µg/ g of creatinine	Placebo	201.30 ± 65.58	227.10 ± 104.80	25.68 ± 14.16	14.97 (−20.30 to 50.24)	.89
Urinary Dopamine µg/ g of creatinine	Active	217.90 ± 80.74	228.60 ± 93.00	10.71 ± 10.20	14.97 (−20.30 to 50.24)	.89
Serum Glutathione µM	Placebo	2.55 ± 2.23	1.65 ± 1.81	−0.90 ± 0.26	0.81 (0.22–1.41)	.06
Serum Glutathione µM	Active	2.13 ± 1.7	2.04 ± 1.72	−0.09 ± 0.14	0.81 (0.22–1.41)	.06
Serum MDA nmol/ml	Placebo	2.88 ± 1.25	2.63 ± 1.23	0.24 ± 0.32	−0.21 (−0.98 to 0.55)	.24
Serum MDA nmol/ml	Active	3.21 ± 1.97	2.74 ± 1.25	0.47 ± 0.20	−0.21 (−0.98 to 0.55)	.24
Serum NO µM/L	Placebo	20.17 ± 13.8	20.47 ± 14.3	0.29 ± 0.49	0.34 (−1.60 to 2.27)	.34
Serum NO µM/L	Active	23.11 ± 13.46	23.74 ± 13.12	0.62 ± 0.81	0.34 (−1.60 to 2.27)	.34

Data is represented as Mean ± SD.

MDA = malonaldehyde.

Represents the significance (P < .05) within the group from baseline to end of the study as determined by paired T test. The significance of the change in values from day 0 to day 60 between ARE and placebo were computed by Mann–Whittney test and the P values are represented in the table.