Table 4.
Latent Class Analysis of the COVID-19 Impact Survey responses: Class 2 participants (n = 106) more frequently reported harms due to the COVID-19 pandemic compared to Class 1 participants (n = 66).
| Question about the COVID-19 pandemic’s impact | Pandemic impact | Class 1 n (%) | Class 2 n (%) | P value | FDR† |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Due to the pandemic, pain on average (past month) | Worse | 13 (20.0) | 63 (59.4) | <.001 | 0.005 |
| No change | 48 (73.9) | 40 (37.7) | |||
| Improved | 4 (6.2) | 3 (2.8) | |||
| Due to the pandemic, general activity (past month) | Worse | 14 (21.2) | 86 (81.9) | <.001 | 0.005 |
| No change | 38 (57.5) | 14 (13.3) | |||
| Improved | 14 (21.2) | 5 (4.8) | |||
| Due to the pandemic, enjoyment of life (past month) | Worse | 12 (18.1) | 100 (95.2) | <.001 | 0.005 |
| No change | 43 (65.1) | 3 (2.9) | |||
| Improved | 11 (16.7) | 2 (1.9) | |||
| Due to the pandemic, ability to cope with pain (past month) | Worse | 2 (3.0) | 66 (62.3) | <.001 | 0.005 |
| No change | 57 (86.3) | 39 (36.8) | |||
| Improved | 7 (10.6) | 1 (0.9) | |||
| Due to the pandemic, mental health, including stress, anxiety or depression symptoms (past month) | Worse | 16 (24.2) | 100 (95.2) | <.001 | 0.005 |
| No change | 38 (57.5) | 5 (4.8) | |||
| Improved | 12 (18.1) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| Due to the pandemic, use of prescribed opioid medications (past month)* | Increased | 1 (1.6) | 19 (18.1) | .003 | 0.013 |
| No change | 62 (96.8) | 82 (78.1) | |||
| Decreased | 1 (1.6) | 4 (3.8) | |||
| Due to the pandemic, access to prescribed opioid medications (past month)* | Decreased | 2 (3.1) | 14 (13.3) | .022 | 0.067 |
| No change | 61 (95.3) | 84 (80.0) | |||
| Increased | 1 (1.6) | 7 (6.7) | |||
| Due to the pandemic, access to healthcare (including regular healthcare provider and specialty treatments) | Worse | 19 (28.7) | 63 (60.6) | .0002 | 0.005 |
| No change | 40 (60.6) | 34 (32.7) | |||
| Improved | 7 (10.6) | 7 (6.7) | |||
| Due to the pandemic, financial situation (including income, savings, ability to pay bills, etc.) | Worse | 20 (30.3) | 54 (51.4) | .017 | 0.055 |
| No change | 39 (59.0) | 46 (43.8) | |||
| Improved | 7 (10.6) | 5 (4.8) | |||
| Due to the pandemic, ability to meet basic needs (including housing, food, essential supplies, etc.) | Worse | 12 (18.1) | 52 (49.5) | <.001 | 0.005 |
| No change | 48 (72.7) | 50 (47.6) | |||
| Improved | 6 (9.1) | 3 (2.9) | |||
| Due to the pandemic, life overall | Negative | 47 (72.3) | 101 (97.1) | <.001 | 0.005 |
| No impact | 15 (23.1) | 1 (1.0) | |||
| Positive | 3 (4.6) | 2 (1.9) |
*
Based on responses from 169 people in this sample who indicated being currently treated with opioid medications.
†
False Discovery Rate (P value corrected for multiple comparisons).