TABLE 2.
Median metabolite concentrations and ranges
| HC | HD | mAH | sAH | AC | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Metabolite | Median (IQR) µM | Median (IQR) µM | Median (IQR) µM | Median (IQR) µM | Median (IQR) µM |
| Choline | 10.50 (7.134; 24.05) | 30.97 (22.10; 35.26) | 26.60 (20.68; 37.70) | 10.59 (8.10; 26.61) | 33.47 (22.47; 36.37) |
| Betaine | 40.46 (30.59; 97.73) | 132.6 (73.77; 227.1) | 236.7 (122.7; 443.5) | 452.6 (202.1; 740.2) | 327.5 (144.2; 730.1) |
| Carnitine | 26.26 (19.38; 29.66) | 28.39 (24.59; 32.66) | 29.29 (24.59; 37.72) | 33.49 (24.44; 48.82) | 43.68 (33.36; 87.34) |
| Butyrobetaine | 0.74 (0.63; 0.93) | 0.72 (0.49; 0.93) | 0.72 (0.61; 1.22) | 0.99 (0.77; 1.51) | 0.95 (0.74; 1.94) |
| Trimethylamine N-oxide | 3.35 (1.78; 10.04) | 9.62 (5.52; 17.30) | 5.99 (0.72; 8.42) | 0.56 (0.21; 2.89) | 0.59 (0.26; 4.66) |
| Tryptophan | 119.4 (101.1; 304.2) | 368.0 (290.0; 513.4) | 257.1 (128.8; 364.7) | 71.14 (34.21; 132.3) | 484.4 (262.9; 650.0) |
| Indole acetic acid | 1.59 (1.28; 2.86) | 2.65 (1.75; 3.42) | 1.80 (1.23; 2.68) | 2.20 (0.94; 4.94) | 2.50 (1.23; 5.61) |
| Indole-lactic acid | 0.98 (0.68; 1.19) | 0.57 (0.46; 0.80) | 0.35 (0.27; 0.48) | 0.70 (0.39; 1.72) | 0.80 (0.52; 1.28) |
| Methyl-indole acetic acid | 0.007 (0.003; 0.012) | 0.03 (0.01; 0.03) | 0.04 (0.02; 0.11) | 0.01 (0.004; 0.064) | 0.25 (0.04; 0.74) |
| Indoleacrylic acid | 0.08 (0.04; 0.11) | 0.07 (0.04; 0.17) | 0.14 (0.08; 0.22) | 0.14 (0.07; 0.36) | 0.19 (0.08; 0.64) |
| Serotonin | 0.71 (0.31; 0.94) | 0.36 (0.03; 0.51) | 0.04 (0.02; 0.09) | 0.02 (0.006; 0.03) | 0.06 (0.02; 0.35) |
| Indole-3-propionic acid | 0.86 (0.65; 1.34) | 0.25 (0.11; 1.04) | 0.02 (0.007; 0.17) | 0.008 (0.006; 0.016) | 0.004 (0.002; 0.01) |
| Phenylacetic acid | 0.58 (0.03; 1.03) | 1.19 (0.69; 1.90) | 0.54 (0.31; 1.00) | 0.33 (0.01; 0.87) | 1.27 (0.62; 1.92) |
| Phenylacetyl glutamine | 1.87 (0.93; 2.55) | 1.68 (0.71; 2.65) | 0.56 (0.21; 2.13) | 0.50 (0.25; 1.16) | 0.71 (0.52; 1.19) |
| Hippuric acid | 6.30 (3.66; 14.50) | 4.22 (2.00; 10.30) | 1.85 (1.04; 3.85) | 0.93 (0.49; 1.60) | 1.71 (0.78; 9.43) |
| 4-Ethylphenyl sulfate | 0.24 (0.17; 0.52) | 0.33 (0.21; 1.86) | 0.07 (0.04; 0.37) | 0.12 (0.07; 0.29) | 0.13 (0.03; 0.41) |
| Indoxyl sulfate | 3.96 (1.96; 5.91) | 2.97 (2.25; 6.30) | 0.93 (0.41; 1.96) | 0.10 (0.01; 0.78) | 0.41 (0.05; 1.64) |
| p-Cresol sulfate | 16.88 (9.55; 38.80) | 13.63 (7.20; 26.42) | 0.53 (0.14; 2.90) | 0.42 (0.12; 1.98) | 0.18 (0.05; 1.50) |
| p-Cresol glucuronide | 3.39 (1.95; 9.42) | 2.33 (1.03; 4.52) | 0.19 (0.08; 1.41) | 0.23 (0.16; 0.55) | 0.07 (0.03; 0.25) |
Abbreviations: AC, alcohol-associated cirrhosis; HC, healthy control; HD, heavy drinker; mAH, moderate alcohol-associated hepatitis; sAH, severe alcohol-associated hepatitis.