Table 2. Risk factors for major bleeding in surgical patients.

General risk factors	Active bleeding
	Prior major bleeding
	Known untreated coagulopathy
	Severe liver or kidney dysfunction
	Thrombocytopenia
	Acute cerebrovascular accident
	Lumbar puncture, epidural, or spinal anesthesia 4 hours before or 12 hours after
	Concomitant use of anticoagulant, thrombolytic or antiplatelet
Risk factors inherent to the procedure	Abdominal surgery: male, hemoglobin <13g/dL, neoplasia, and complex surgery
	Pancreatoduodenectomy: sepsis, sentinel bleeding, and leakage
	Liver resection: number of segments, extrahepatic resection, primary liver cancer, anemia, and thrombocytopenia
	Cardiac surgery: use of ASA or clopidogrel up to 3 days before the procedure, BMI* >25kg/m2, emergency surgery, advanced age, >5 bypasses, chronic renal failure, and long surgical time
	Thoracic surgery: pneumonectomy or extensive resection
Procedures for which bleeding consequences can be potentially dangerous	Craniotomy, spinal surgery, spinal trauma, and reconstructive surgery involving vascularized or non-vascularized free flaps

*BMI: body mass index. Adapted from Gould MK, Garcia DA, Wren SM, et al. Prevention of VTE in nonorthopedic surgical patients: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guideline. Chest. 2012;141(2 Suppl):e227S-e277S.