Table 2. Summary of the studies on the impact of SMPs on uptakes of non-COVID-19 vaccines.

No.	Region	Study population	Author	No. of participants	Results
1	Israel	Parents in Israel with at least one child older than two years of age with no chronic illness and no history of measles.	Ashkenazi et al.54	399	Internet and SMPs were the primary sources of information for one-third of respondents regarding measles/measles vaccine and half the respondents regarding the measles outbreak; SMPs were negatively associated with the correct knowledge.
2	Pakistan	-	Ittefaq et al.56	-	Pakistan’s polio eradication program faces many challenges; propaganda campaigns on SMPs resulted in an upsurge in the active number of new polio cases.
3	India	In-depth interviews with doctors of different disciplines, religious teachers, Communication experts, and focused discussion groups with caregivers in Kerala.	Nair et al.55	252	Anti-vaxxers use SMPs to influence caregivers' perceptions and beliefs.
4	Korea	Undergraduate college students in Seoul, unvaccinated for the HPV vaccine.	Kim60	323	Multiple dimensions of perceived barriers showed differing impacts on vaccine acceptance. While the internet effectively reduced social barriers, SMPs harmed the intent to vaccinate.
5	China and the United States	Female participants above 18 years of age from China or the United States, unvaccinated for the HPV vaccine.	Pan et al.61	387	The results show that exposure to contradictory information on social media had a more significant negative association with intentions to receive HPV vaccination among the United States participants than among the Chinese participants.

SMP = social media platform, COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019, HPV = human papillomavirus.