Table 3.
LMS values and reference ranges for appendicular lean soft tissue mass and fat mass index
| Age, y | Appendicular lean soft tissue mass index, kg/m2 |
|||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Females |
Males |
|||||||||||||
| L | S | −2 SD | −1 SD | 0 SD (M) | 1 SD | 2 SD | L | S | −2 SD | −1 SD | 0 SD (M) | 1 SD | 2 SD | |
| 5.0–5.9 | 0.967 | 0.120 | 3.200 | 3.700 | 4.203 | 4.708 | 5.215 | −0.072 | 0.116 | 3.615 | 4.053 | 4.550 | 5.112 | 5.749 |
| 6.0–6.9 | 0.847 | 0.121 | 3.396 | 3.921 | 4.458 | 5.004 | 5.559 | −0.077 | 0.117 | 3.804 | 4.270 | 4.798 | 5.398 | 6.079 |
| 7.0–7.0 | 0.727 | 0.123 | 3.592 | 4.141 | 4.711 | 5.300 | 5.908 | −0.082 | 0.118 | 3.992 | 4.486 | 5.048 | 5.685 | 6.411 |
| 8.0–8.9 | 0.607 | 0.125 | 3.796 | 4.369 | 4.974 | 5.608 | 6.272 | −0.087 | 0.120 | 4.177 | 4.699 | 5.293 | 5.970 | 6.742 |
| 9.0–9.9 | 0.487 | 0.126 | 4.019 | 4.617 | 5.258 | 5.941 | 6.667 | −0.092 | 0.121 | 4.367 | 4.919 | 5.547 | 6.265 | 7.085 |
| 10.0–10.9 | 0.367 | 0.127 | 4.263 | 4.886 | 5.565 | 6.299 | 7.093 | −0.097 | 0.122 | 4.582 | 5.167 | 5.835 | 6.598 | 7.473 |
| 11.0–11.9 | 0.248 | 0.128 | 4.513 | 5.160 | 5.874 | 6.661 | 7.524 | −0.102 | 0.124 | 4.843 | 5.467 | 6.182 | 7.001 | 7.941 |
| 12.0–12.0 | 0.128 | 0.128 | 4.740 | 5.405 | 6.151 | 6.984 | 7.914 | −0.107 | 0.125 | 5.159 | 5.831 | 6.601 | 7.484 | 8.501 |
| 13.0–13.9 | 0.008 | 0.129 | 4.921 | 5.597 | 6.366 | 7.239 | 8.231 | −0.112 | 0.126 | 5.512 | 6.235 | 7.064 | 8.018 | 9.117 |
| 14.0–14.0 | −0.112 | 0.129 | 5.050 | 5.731 | 6.516 | 7.422 | 8.470 | −0.117 | 0.126 | 5.860 | 6.632 | 7.518 | 8.539 | 9.718 |
| 15.0–15.9 | −0.232 | 0.130 | 5.133 | 5.814 | 6.609 | 7.543 | 8.645 | −0.122 | 0.127 | 6.160 | 6.972 | 7.907 | 8.985 | 10.230 |
| 16.0–16.0 | −0.352 | 0.131 | 5.182 | 5.859 | 6.662 | 7.621 | 8.776 | −0.127 | 0.127 | 6.387 | 7.230 | 8.200 | 9.321 | 10.616 |
| 17.0–17.9 | −0.472 | 0.133 | 5.210 | 5.882 | 6.690 | 7.673 | 8.884 | −0.132 | 0.127 | 6.544 | 7.407 | 8.401 | 9.549 | 10.878 |
| 18.0–18.9 | −0.592 | 0.134 | 5.225 | 5.891 | 6.702 | 7.708 | 8.977 | −0.138 | 0.127 | 6.650 | 7.524 | 8.533 | 9.697 | 11.046 |
| 19.0–19.9 | −0.712 | 0.136 | 5.229 | 5.887 | 6.701 | 7.729 | 9.059 | −0.143 | 0.126 | 6.727 | 7.609 | 8.625 | 9.799 | 11.160 |
| Age, y | Fat mass index, kg/m2 |
|||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Females |
Males |
|||||||||||||
| L | S | −2 SD | −1 SD | 0 SD (M) | 1 SD | 2 SD | L | S | −2 SD | −1 SD | 0 SD (M) | 1 SD | 2 SD | |
| 5.0–5.9 | −0.226 | 0.266 | 2.440 | 3.116 | 4.035 | 5.311 | 7.118 | −0.235 | 0.277 | 1.949 | 2.508 | 3.279 | 4.364 | 5.930 |
| 6.0–6.9 | −0.241 | 0.280 | 2.429 | 3.132 | 4.106 | 5.486 | 7.491 | −0.270 | 0.296 | 1.894 | 2.468 | 3.280 | 4.465 | 6.251 |
| 7.0–7.0 | −0.256 | 0.294 | 2.435 | 3.171 | 4.209 | 5.711 | 7.952 | −0.306 | 0.316 | 1.878 | 2.475 | 3.347 | 4.667 | 6.757 |
| 8.0–8.9 | −0.270 | 0.307 | 2.461 | 3.233 | 4.342 | 5.981 | 8.493 | −0.342 | 0.336 | 1.904 | 2.538 | 3.489 | 4.988 | 7.496 |
| 9.0–9.9 | −0.282 | 0.319 | 2.497 | 3.308 | 4.489 | 6.268 | 9.063 | −0.379 | 0.356 | 1.947 | 2.618 | 3.655 | 5.358 | 8.381 |
| 10.0–10.9 | −0.288 | 0.328 | 2.541 | 3.388 | 4.636 | 6.546 | 9.603 | −0.417 | 0.374 | 1.967 | 2.663 | 3.769 | 5.656 | 9.224 |
| 11.0–11.9 | −0.288 | 0.335 | 2.598 | 3.482 | 4.796 | 6.822 | 10.101 | −0.453 | 0.388 | 1.938 | 2.636 | 3.770 | 5.780 | 9.821 |
| 12.0–12.0 | −0.281 | 0.339 | 2.689 | 3.618 | 5.001 | 7.142 | 10.614 | −0.486 | 0.400 | 1.859 | 2.535 | 3.654 | 5.701 | 10.063 |
| 13.0–13.9 | −0.271 | 0.341 | 2.823 | 3.808 | 5.275 | 7.540 | 11.197 | −0.512 | 0.408 | 1.756 | 2.397 | 3.473 | 5.491 | 10.001 |
| 14.0–14.0 | −0.259 | 0.341 | 2.987 | 4.036 | 5.594 | 7.991 | 11.835 | −0.529 | 0.414 | 1.664 | 2.274 | 3.305 | 5.272 | 9.812 |
| 15.0–15.9 | −0.248 | 0.340 | 3.154 | 4.267 | 5.916 | 8.443 | 12.470 | −0.533 | 0.417 | 1.612 | 2.206 | 3.216 | 5.154 | 9.691 |
| 16.0–16.0 | −0.241 | 0.340 | 3.305 | 4.476 | 6.209 | 8.858 | 13.064 | −0.523 | 0.419 | 1.612 | 2.211 | 3.231 | 5.188 | 9.751 |
| 17.0–17.9 | −0.238 | 0.341 | 3.431 | 4.653 | 6.460 | 9.223 | 13.609 | −0.502 | 0.421 | 1.653 | 2.278 | 3.339 | 5.361 | 9.988 |
| 18.0–18.9 | −0.239 | 0.343 | 3.534 | 4.796 | 6.668 | 9.537 | 14.104 | −0.470 | 0.424 | 1.714 | 2.376 | 3.497 | 5.608 | 10.302 |
| 19.0–19.9 | −0.243 | 0.345 | 3.611 | 4.905 | 6.830 | 9.792 | 14.531 | −0.432 | 0.426 | 1.773 | 2.477 | 3.661 | 5.862 | 10.588 |
LMS analysis was implemented using the Generalized Additive Models for Location Scale and Shape (GAMLSS) function in R to generate values for L (lambda), S (sigma) and M(mu). L, M, and S are used to calculate smoothed distributions using the formula: M (1 + LSZ)1/L, where Z is a Z-score in the normal distribution. The smoothed distributions for −2, −1, 0 (median, i.e., mu), 1 and 2 SD are shown in the table. L, M, and S also are used to calculate exact Z-scores using the formula Z = [((X/M)L) – 1]/L•S, where X is the measured value.