Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies
| Intervention group/control group | Intervention group | Control group | Co-intervention | Intervention period | Measurement time points | Outcomes | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Author (year) | Population group | Age (mean) (EX + PT; PT) | Sample size n (EX + PT;PT) | PT (dose, frequency) | EX | Frequency | Types, session, intensity | PT (dose, frequency) | Type | (months) | (months) | |
| Edwards et al. (2018) | Spinal cord injury | 46.6 (15.4); 47.6 (16.3) | 61 (20;20) |
TRP (20 µg DLY) |
Vibration | DLY | 10 min | TRP (20 µg DLY) | CH | 12, 24 | Baseline, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24 |
aBMD (femoral neck, femur, hip, spine, tibia); BTM: bone ALP, CTX-I, PINP |
| Fu and Fan (2021) | Type 2 diabetes osteoporosis |
63.73 (5.64); 62.04 (5.33) |
117 (63;54) |
ALN (70 mg WKLY) |
Individual rehabilitation therapy | 2–3 times DLY | 60–90 min |
ALN (70 mg WKLY) |
Vit D, CA, health education |
6 | Baseline, 6 | aBMD (femoral neck, spine); BTM: bone ALP, OC, TRACP |
| Jepsen et al. (2019) | Postmenopausal osteoporotic women | 69 (5); 69 (8) | 35 (17;18) |
TRP (20 µg DLY) |
Whole body vibration | Three days WKLY | Rest ratio 1:1 min, including six minutes of vibration | TRP (20 µg DLY) | Vit D, CA | 12 | Baseline, 3, 6, 12 |
aBMD (hip, spine); vBMD (radius, tibia); BTM: CTX-I, PINP |
| Nawrat Szoltysik et al. (2018) | Osteoporosis and osteopenia | 81 (NA)1 | 68 (24;44) | ALN (70 mg WKLY) | Modified Sinaki exercises and Nordic walking | 4 days WKLY | 70% of individual max heart rate, walking speed: 2–3 km/h | ALN (70 mg WKLY) | Vit D, CA | 12 | Baseline, 12 | aBMD (forearm) |
| Waltman et al. (2010) | Postmenopausal breast cancer survivors | 58.69 (7.5)2 | 249 (125; 124) | RIS (35 mg WKLY) | Strength/weight training | Twice WKLY | 30–45 min, 8–12 repetitions, progressive increase of weights | RIS (35 mg WKLY) | Vit D, CA | 12, 24 | 12, 24 |
aBMD (femoral neck, hip, spine, radius); BTM: bone ALP, NTX-I |
aBMD areal bone mineral density, ALN alendronate, bone ALP bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, BTM bone turnover marker, CA calcium, CH cholecalciferol, CTX-I C-terminal crosslinking telopeptide of type I collagen, DLY daily, Dmab denosumab, EX exercise training, IB ibandronate, km/h kilometers per hour, min minutes, µg microgram, mg milligram, NTX-I N-terminal crosslinking telopeptide of type I collagen, NA not available, OC osteocalcin, PINP procollagen type I N propeptide, PT pharmacological therapy, RIS risedronate, TRACP tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, TRP teriparatide, vBMD volumetric bone mineral density, Vit D vitamin D, WKLY weekly, ZA zoledronic acid
1Only an overall mean age was available. No statement of standard deviation was given
2Only an overall mean age was available