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. 2023 May 16;57(19):1231–1237. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2022-106644

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© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

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Adjusted HRs (95% CI) for influenza and pneumonia mortality based on weekly episodes of muscle-strengthening activity. Adjusted for sex; age; race/ethnicity; education; marital status; smoking status; alcohol consumption; body mass index; presence of heart disease, stroke, hypertension, diabetes, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma; influenza and pneumococcal vaccination status and aerobic physical activity category. Based on sample adults who participated in the National Health Interview Survey from 1998 to 2018 and were eligible for linkage to the National Death Index through 2019 (n=577 909).