Table 1.

The table provides the brief information about the different synthesis techniques being followed along with some of the major advantages and disadvantages of each technique

Technique	Advantage	Disadvantage	References
Solvent extraction/emulsion process	The rate of encapsulation is very high Require basic laboratory equipment	Large particle size Poor drug loading Uncontrolled drug release	[96, 97]
Complex Coacervation	Performed under mild conditions High shell integrity Excellent drug release efficacy	Agglomeration chances are high Easily affected by temperature, pH, ionic strength, composition, and nature of the material	[98, 99]
Salt precipitation	A simple and robust technique	High chances of confirmation and bioactivity loss	[111]
Polyelectrolyte complexation	Encapsulation efficiency is high Maintains the drug stability	Affected by pH variations, temperature, ionic strength, polyelectrolyte concentration	[112]
Desolvation	Easy synthesis Low cost High yield	Protein denaturation Loss of biological activity Affected by the pH of the protein	[100, 101]
Heat denaturation	Targeting moieties can be attached Implemented on a large scale	Large particle size Not suggested for heat-sensitive compounds	[113]
UV illumination	Assist in the self-assembly of proteins	Chances of agglomeration	[94]
Layer-by-layer assembly	Multilayered structures Controlled size and surface charge Monodisperse particles Unlimited geometry of protein nanoparticles	Relatively low yield Computational calculations needed Affected by protein concentration	[104, 105, 114]
Electrohydrodynamic jetting	The secondary protein structure retained Able to trap hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs Maintain the narrow dispersity of particles	Low yield Affected by the molecular weight of the protein	[102, 103]
Solvent extraction/emulsion process	The rate of encapsulation is very high Require basic laboratory equipment	Large particle size Poor drug loading Uncontrolled drug release	[96, 97]
Complex Coacervation	Performed under mild conditions High shell integrity Excellent drug release efficacy	Agglomeration chances are high Easily affected by temperature, pH, ionic strength, composition, and nature of the material	[98, 99]
Salt precipitation	A simple and robust technique	High chances of confirmation and bioactivity loss	[111]
Polyelectrolyte complexation	Encapsulation efficiency is high Maintains the drug stability	Affected by pH variations, temperature, ionic strength, polyelectrolyte concentration	[112]
Desolvation	Easy synthesis Low cost High yield	Protein denaturation Loss of biological activity Affected by the pH of the protein	[100, 101]
Heat denaturation	Targeting moieties can be attached Implemented on a large scale	Large particle size Not suggested for heat-sensitive compounds	[113]
UV illumination	Assist in the self-assembly of proteins	Chances of agglomeration	[94]
Layer-by-layer assembly	Multilayered structures Controlled size and surface charge Monodisperse particles Unlimited geometry of protein nanoparticles	Relatively low yield Computational calculations needed Affected by protein concentration	[104, 105, 114]
Electrohydrodynamic jetting	The secondary protein structure retained Able to trap hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs Maintain the narrow dispersity of particles	Low yield Affected by the molecular weight of the protein	[102, 103]