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. 2023 Oct 16;13:17556. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-44947-1

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(a) Schematic of energy level diagrams of NaYF4:Yb³⁺ /Mn²⁺/Er³⁺ and the proposed mechanism of the UC process under the excitation of 980 nm. (b) Schematic of energy level diagrams of Mn²⁺–Yb³⁺ dimer.