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. 2023 Oct 16;13:17556. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-44947-1

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Lifetimes spectra of NaYF₄: 1% Yb³⁺/40% Mn²⁺/x%Er³⁺ (x% = 0, 2, 5, and 10) nanoparticles, (b) amount of decay under 980 nm pulsed excitation. The power density and spot diameter of the used 980-nm laser are 10 W/cm² and 3.0 mm, respectively. Luminescence decay times were measured in the red wavelength region. The analyzed samples were in solution form.