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. 2023 Oct 16;13:17589. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-44078-7

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Parameters for predicting sample melting below the clinkering temperature or collapse during cooling. (a) Shape of the samples after the fusibility test up to 1450 °C followed by cooling to 200 °C. (b) Relation between the iron content in the melt phase amount at 1450 °C by thermodynamic modelling. Validation of risk zones based on self-pulverising and Portland clinkers from the literature^{23,31,70–75}.